Questions On Assessing Student Learning - 978 Words

edTPA Task 3: What You Think About It is not uncommon to imagine a sheet of paper with a list of questions and a score next to them when we think about assessment. Usually, assessments or tests are viewed as methods to quantify what students have learned so that the values can be recorded in a gradebook, but that is not the only purpose of assessments. In fact, assessments can serve for much more in the learning process if developed properly. As required to pass the edTPA, we are to demonstrate than we can use assessments to plan, instruct, and measure student learning, and in order to do that, we must know what to think about when assessing student learning. Through this essay we will discuss the key components that we need to think about when assessing student learning as proposed by Task 3 in the edTPA. The first component in assessing student learning is thinking about the instrument that will be used to gather evidence and make sense of what students have learned and understand about their learning progress. Asse ssment instruments vary in form and include essays to synthesize knowledge, presentations, test worksheets etc., but any assessments must be aligned to measure learning targets and state standards at the appropriate levels of understanding. In many cases, as seen in Figure 1, teachers make sense of the evidence they collect from assessments by making tables and graphs that represent the quantitative measure of student knowledge before and after instruction.Show MoreRelatedEvaluation Of An Effective Assessment Strategies For Students With Special Needs Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesReport A: 1. Questionings: Assessing literacy in primary school (Running Records) Ontological questions Epistemological questions Technical questions What are the most important ideas that I’ve read to help shape the thinking of assessment? If I know there are students in my classroom who don’t preform to their best ability under test conditions, how can I accommodate these students? What is an effective assessment strategy to use to maintain a positive learning environment? - Why does myRead MoreSoftware to Support Assessment804 Words   |  3 Pagesof software available to help with student assessments; which are important for teachers to understand how the students are learning. Using software to complete student assessments allows students the opportunity to engage themselves in the assessment (Shelly, G, Gunter, G, and Gunter, R (2012). Some software used to assess students is Google Forms, Socrative, and electronic surveys such as survey monkey; technology plays an important role in assessing students. Teachers can use technology to helpRead MoreInterviewing And Conferencing As An Assessment819 Words   |  4 Pagesis a strategy employed by teachers, to evaluate the student’s response to learning. The teacher gathers information while interpreting the evidence in trying to understand and make judgments about the student learning. In presenting assessment to the students, the student has verbalized their knowledge on what they have just learned, organize their thoughts and present it out in the summary. The need for assessing the student aims at understanding what they learned in the classroom and using the gatheredRead MoreEvaluation And Explain The Four Stages Of The Assessment Process1486 Words   |  6 Pagesof the learning process. Assessments not only evaluates the students’, but also the teacher since they are able to evaluate their own techniques and skills. The first thing addressed in the reading is an explanation of the difference between an â€Å"evalu ation† and an â€Å"assessment†. Tenbrink (2015) describes the four stages of the evaluation process. The first step in the evaluation process is the initial preparation for the assessment. This is usually what led you to ant to evaluate that student in theRead MoreRole of Teacher1175 Words   |  5 PagesThere are 5 stages to the teaching Learning Cycle. Enabling Learning Planning Learning Assessing Learning Quality assurance amp; evaluation Identifying Learning The learning cycle can start and finish anywhere on the cycle. There is no start and finish point. Identifying needs Before the students start the course a lot of pre assessment work can be completed, this can take the form of application forms and / or a pre course interview. The student needs can be clearly identified toRead MoreIdentify the Different Types and Different Methods of Assessment Used in Teaching.1339 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup of learners ,at our first session I often find that using Neil Flemings VAK/VARK model tests are a great way to get learners talking and appreciating their varied learning styles. The variations on these tests have been used since 1987 and claim that learners can use the model to identify their preferred style of learning and be able to focus on what brings them most benefits. Visual learners- benefit from visual aids, diagrams, handouts Auditory learners – benefit from listening to recordingsRead MoreAssessments Are Essential Within Education989 Words   |  4 Pagesis to measure students’ progression. They provide evidence of students’ prior knowledge, thinking, and understanding and should be created to meet the needs of every student because every student is different and learns differently, as well as at a different pace. Assessments should reflect the objectives of the lesson being taught and the frequency of those assessments should be considered. Assessments can also help teachers to improve student learning. How assessments affect students should alsoRead MoreMethods in Performing Assessment962 Words   |  4 Pagesa sample of the abilities that are required in the curriculum† (Ian Reece, 2007, teaching, training and learning) Fairness: Fairness censures that everyone has an equal chance of getting a good assessment. â€Å"All learners are entitled to a fair assessment and should be given the best opportunity to demonstrate their ability† (Ann Gravels, 2008, preparing to teach in the lifelong learning sector) Authenticity: The work produced by learner in practical life. Currency: The work is still relevantRead MoreEssay about Princilples of Assessment Unit 12 Pttls1553 Words   |  7 PagesJulie Capon Unit 012 Principles of assessment in lifelong learning The types of assessment a trainer will use in lifelong learning include initial, diagnostic, independent assessment, formative, summative, internal, external, formal and informal assessment. â€Å"Assessment is a way to find out if learning has taken place.† Tummons (2007: p5) Gravells (2011:p91), describes the assessment cycle in the following terms; â€Å"the initial assessment, assessment planning, assessment activity, assessment decisionRead MoreBackward Design, a planning guide1555 Words   |  7 Pagesevidence of learning (performances) called for by the standard and the teaching needed to equip students to perform†(Wiggins and McTighe, 2000, page 8). There are two key ideas in Backward Design: 1) Focus on teaching and assessing for understanding and transfer, and 2) Design curriculum â€Å"backward† from those ends. It aims to provide a framework to guide curriculum, assessment and instruction. The backward design framework is based on the following seven key tenets: 1. Learning is enhanced

Essay on Government Secrecy - 1367 Words

Ashley Simons Secrecy and a free, democratic government dont mix, President Harry Truman once said. Harry Truman understood the importance of an open government in a free society. Unfortunately, George W. Bush has a different outlook. From the first days of his administration, President Bush has taken steps to tighten the governments hold on information and limit public scrutiny of its activities. Expansive assertions of executive privilege, restrictive views of the Freedom of Information Act, increasing use of national security classification, stonewalling in response to congressional request for information Ââ€" all these were evident even before the September 11 attacks (At Issue: Has the Bush administration misused government†¦show more content†¦The ‘secret designation referred to information in which its disclosure might endanger the national security, or cause serious injury to the interests of the nation or be of great advantage to a foreign nation. Similar ly, ‘confidential could be applied to material of such a nature that is disclosure, although not endangering the national security, might be harmful to the interests or prestige of the Nation. The term ‘restricted is used in instances where information is for official use only and should be denied access to the general public. According to an analysis released in August, 2005, by OpenTheGovernment.org, more and more government information is becoming less and less publicly available. OpenTheGovernment.org is an unprecedented coalition of journalists, consumer and government groups, environmentalists, labor and others united out of a concern for what U.S. News and World Report called a shroud of secrecy descending over our local, state and federal governments (Gordon 35). This organization focuses on making the federal government a more open place to make us safer and strengthen the public trust in the government. In its Secrecy Report Card, OpenTheGovernment found that t he government spent $7.2 billion last year creating 15.6 million new classified documents and securing accumulated secrets Ââ€" more than it has for the past decade (1). The increasing secrecy is expensive to maintain. The U.S. governmentShow MoreRelatedThe Secret Of Conspiracy Theory1099 Words   |  5 Pagessphere. As he argues of his book, postmodern era has become dependent on â€Å"institutional secrecy and public fascination with the secret work of the state† to maintain its legality. Like Fenster, Mely suggests by admitting cultural conspiracy as paranoia; it misjudges the extent of covert sphere as a dream world. Melly brilliantly demonstrates â€Å"plausible deniability† with the government’s desire for secrecy by quoting 46th vice-president Dick Cheney speech days after 9/11 â€Å"a lot of what needsRead MoreGeorg Simmel Founder of German Sociological Association838 Words   |  3 Pagesdefines secrecy as a condition, and researches relationships from this aspect of giving and receiving knowledge and keeping secrets. He describes friendship and intimate relationships, whereby friendship creates more secretiveness and discretion than that of a more intimate relationship. Simmel argues that modern societies are systems that operate from a high degree of secrecy, and notes the money economy as one example of how people can hide much of what they transact and acquire. Secrecy is describedRead MoreCase Law against Bank Secrecy1054 Words   |  4 Pages CASE LAW AGAINST BANK SECRECY In this report we have discussed bankers duty of confidentiality and it’s important criteria which relate to the India. Bank secrecy is desirable. If the details of the accounts of the customer are revealed, then the financial position of the customer will be known to others it may adversely affect the reputation of the customer. However, bank secrecy has to be maintained at an optimal level. Confidentiality or secrecy as the state of having the dissemination ofRead More The Censors, by Luisa Valenzuela856 Words   |  4 Pagesand sending the letter. Later, Juan’s â€Å"mind [was] off his job during the day and [he couldn’t] sleep at night,† thinking of the letter (Valenzuela 966). He believes the contents to be innocent and irreproachable, but the censors of the Argentine government â€Å"examine, sniff, feel, and read between the lines of each and every letter† (Valenzuela 966) for the signs of uprising among the people. He then thinks of the censorship offices and the extremely few letters that are actually sent. He ponders theRead MoreThe Justification Of The Nsa Unlawful Spying Activities1255 Words   |  6 Pagesmindedness. In addition, the disclosure of the whistle-blower’s identity helps to prevent selfish personal interests or the interests of powerful media compa nies. Finally, Snowden’s argument that the primary duty of citizens should be to police their governments before pursuing the need to correct others is plausible. A Critique of Scheurman’s Assertion that Edward Snowden’s Act was Permissibly in Whistleblowing Snowden argues that his disclosure of information about the illegal NSA surveillance activitiesRead MoreEdward Snowden LAUSD essay730 Words   |  3 Pageswarrant, and that the NSA watches and surveils other countries and global leaders clandestinely. Edward Snowden, albeit he may be considered a criminal for leaking such information, is a more a whistleblower as he unveiled information about the government and the NSA that is considered unjustifiable and illegal. Edward Snowden’s title as a whistleblower is emphasized by the reactions of many people following the disclosures. According to German in â€Å"Edward Snowden is a Whistleblower,† no fewer thanRead MoreOb Assignment-When Salaries Arent Secret1621 Words   |  7 Pagesprinciple that will be violated here. Employee 6: Anushil Kadam Position: Marketing Executive I think salary disclosure is a good idea in any company. Secrecy encourages rumour, gossip and misinformation. This undermines employee satisfaction and the work environment we are trying to create. There should be a presumption of openness, not of secrecy. Secrecy belongs to the old command and control environment of the traditional hierarchy. Salary openness is the new method of management that encourages confidenceRead MoreSmall Business Case Study1014 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation such as a compilation of technique, information, device, formula, method, pattern, program, process, or process that has commercial value and which is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy. A simple act of carelessness on a social network or in an e-mail can expose essential information to the company, heading to instant, unfixable losses. Its critical that companies train their employees properly to acknowledge trade secret law, toRead MoreIdentification And Punishment For Mishandling Top Secret Information1237 Words   |  5 Pagesbe considered as an act of mishandling such confidential information by individuals working in those departments and agencies. Identification of mishandled Top Secret information Former and current government officials and contractors have on several occasions mishandled classified federal government security information. The mishandling of such information arises when these people share it with unauthorized private archives and people. Effectively, without any federal approval, a person, libraryRead MoreThe Case Of Greene s Jewelry1079 Words   |  5 Pagesmisappropriation refers to the acquisition of a trade secret by someone who knows or has reason to know that the trade secret was acquired by improper means -- theft, bribery, misrepresentation, breach or inducement of a breach of duty to maintain secrecy. It also includes the disclosure or use of a trade secret without consent by someone who used improper means to acquire knowledge of the trade secret – for example, an ex-employee who spills company secrets to a rival. In addition to New Hampshire’s

Chapter 1 †Research in Business, Chapter 2 †Ethics in Business Research Free Essays

CHAPTER 1 – RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Why Study Business Research? Business research provides information to guide business decisions. Business research plays an important role in an environment that emphasizes measurement. Return on investment (ROI) is the calculation of the financial return for all business expenditures and it is emphasized more now than ever before. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 1 – Research in Business, Chapter 2 – Ethics in Business Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Business research expenditures are increasingly scrutinized for their contribution to ROMI. Research Should Reduce Risk The primary purpose of research is to reduce the level of risk of a marketing decision. Business Research Defined A process of determining, acquiring, analyzing, synthesizing, and disseminating relevant business data, information, and insights to decision makers in ways that mobilize the organization to take appropriate business actions that, in turn, maximize business performance. What’s Changing in Business that Influences Research Several factors increase the relevance for studying business research. †¢Information overload. While the Internet and its search engines present extensive amounts of information, its quality and credibility must be continuously evaluated. The ubiquitous access to information has brought about the development of knowledge communities and the need for organizations to leverage this knowledge universe for innovation—or risk merely drowning in data. Stakeholders now have more information at their disposal and are more resistant to business stimuli. †¢Technological connectivity. Individuals, public sector organizations, and businesses are adapting to changes in work patterns (real-time and global), changes in the formation of relationships and communities, and the realization that geography is no longer a primary constraint. Shifting global centers of economic activity and competition. The rising economic power of Asia and demographic shifts within regions highlight the need for organizations to expand their knowledge of consumers, suppliers, talent pools, business models, and infrastructures with which they are less familiar. †¢Increasingly critical scrutiny of big business. The availability of information has made it possible for all a firm’s stakeholders to demand inclusion in company decision making, while at the same time elevating the level of societal suspicion. More government intervention. As public-sector activities increase in order to provide some minimal or enhanced level of social services, governments are becoming increasingly aggressive in protecting their various constituencies by posing restrictions on the use of managerial and business research tools. †¢Battle for analytical talent. Managers face progressively complex decisions, applying mathematical models to extract meaningful knowledge from volumes of data and using highly sop histicated software to run their organizations. The shift to knowledge-intensive industries puts greater demand on a scarcity of well-trained talent with advanced analytical skills. †¢Computing Power and Speed. Lower cost data collection, better visualization tools, more computational power, more and faster integration of data, and real-time access to knowledge are now manager expectations†¦not wistful visions of a distant future. †¢New Perspectives on Established Research Methodologies. Older tools and methodologies, once limited to exploratory research, are gaining wider acceptance in dealing with a wider range of managerial problems. Business Planning Drives Business Research An organization’s mission drives its business goals, strategies, and tactics and, consequently, its need for business decision support systems and business intelligence. Hierarchy of Business Decision Makers Visionaries, Standardized Decision Makers, Intuitive Decision Makers †¢In the bottom tier, most decisions are based on past experience or instinct. Decisions are also supported with secondary data searches. †¢In the middle tier, some decisions are based on business research. †¢In the top tier, every decision is guided by business research. Firms develop proprietary methodologies and are innovative in their combination of methodologies. There is access to research data and findings throughout the organization. Research May Not Be Necessary Business research is only valuable when it helps management make better decisions. A study may be interesting, but if it does not help improve decision-making, its use should be questioned. Research could be appropriate for some problems, but insufficient resources may limit usefulness. Information Value Chain Computers and telecommunications lowered the costs of data collection. Data management is now possible and necessary given the quantity of raw data. †¢Models reflect the behavior of individuals, households, and industries. †¢A DSS integrates data management techniques, models, and analytical tools to support decision making. †¢Data must be more than timely and standardized; it must be meaningful. These are all characteristics of the information value chain. Charac teristics of Good Research Clearly defined purpose, detailed research process, thoroughly planned design, high ethical standards, limitations addressed, adequate analysis, unambiguous presentation, conclusions justified, credentials How the Research Industry Works Some Organizations Use Internal Research Sources; Internal researchers are â€Å"in-house. † Some Organizations Use External Research Sources; External research suppliers can be further classified into business research firms, communication agencies, consultants, and trade associations. Business Research Firms Business research firms may be full-service or specialty-based. †¢Full-service firms conduct all phases of research from planning to insight development. They may offer custom projects tailored to a client’s needs and/or proprietary work. Proprietary methodologies are programs or techniques that are owned by a single firm. †¢Specialty firms establish expertise in one or a few research methodologies. They represent the largest number of research firms and tend to dominate the small research firms operated by a single research firm or a very small staff. †¢Syndicated data providers track the change of one or more measur es over time, usually in a given industry. †¢Some research firms offer omnibus studies that combine one or a few questions from several business decision makers who need information from the same population. CHAPTER 2 – ETHICS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH Ethical Treatment of Participants Research must be designed so that a participant does not suffer physical harm, discomfort, pain, embarrassment, or loss of privacy. This slide lists the three guidelines researchers should follow to protect participants. When discussing benefits, the researcher should be careful not to overstate or understate the benefits. Informed consent means that the participant has given full consent to participation after receiving full disclosure of the procedures of the proposed study. Characteristics of Informed Consent Since 1966, all projects with federal funding are required to be reviewed by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). An IRB evaluates the risks and benefits of proposed research. The review requirement may be more relaxed for projects that are unlikely to be risky – such as marketing research projects. Many institutions require that all research – whether funded or unfunded by the federal government – be reviewed by a local IRB. The IRBs concentrate on two areas. First is the guarantee of obtaining complete, informed consent from participants. The second is the risk assessment and benefit analysis review. Complete informed consent has four characteristics and these are named in the slide. 1. The participant must be competent to give consent. 2. Consent must be voluntary, and free from coercion. 3. Participants must be adequately informed to make a decision. 4. Participants should know the possible risks or outcomes associated with the research. Ethical Responsibilities Special consideration is necessary when researching the behavior and attitudes of children. Besides providing informed consent, parents are often interviewed during the selection process to ensure that the child is mature enough and has the verbal and physical capabilities necessary. Deception Disguising non-research activities. Camouflaging true research objectives. Debriefing Explain any deception, Describe purpose, Share results, Provide follow-up. In situations where participants are intentionally or accidentally deceived, they should be debriefed once the research is complete. Debriefing describes the goals of the research, as well as the truth and reasons for any deception. Results are shared after the study is complete. Participants who require any medical or psychological follow-up attention will receive it during the debriefing process. Right to Privacy Right to refuse, prior permission to interview, limit time required. Data Mining Ethics The convenience of collecting data online has created new ethical issues. Data mining offers infinite possibilities for research abuse. The primary ethical data mining issues in cyberspace are privacy-related including consent to information collection and control of information dissemination. Legitimate data miners publicly post their information security policies. The EU countries have passed the European Commission’s data protection directive. Under the directive, commissioners can prosecute companies and block Web sites that fail to live up to its strict privacy standards. Confidentiality Sponsor nondisclosure, purpose nondisclosure, findings nondisclosure Ethics And The Sponsor Occasionally, researchers may be asked by sponsors to participate in unethical behavior. What can the researcher do to remain ethical? There are four suggestions provided in the slide. The researcher can attempt to 1. ducate the sponsor to the purpose of the research, 2. explain the researcher’s role as a fact-finder, 3. explain how distorting the truth or breaking faith will lead to future problems, and 4. if the others fail, terminate the relationship. Effective Codes of Ethics Many organizations have codes of ethics. A code of ethics is an organization’s codified set of norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about research behavior. Effective codes are those that 1) are regulative, 2) protect the public interest and the interests of the profession served by the code, 3) are behavior-specific, and 4) are enforceable. How to cite Chapter 1 – Research in Business, Chapter 2 – Ethics in Business Research, Essays

Organisational Behaviour And Management

Question: Discuss about theOrganisational Behaviour And Management. Answer:Carlos Ghosn as a Leader Leadership is a factor that directly or indirectly controls an organization or a company whether it is a large-scale organization or a small scale organization (Ghosn, 2013). Leaders are those who appear to the front whenever there is any crisis regarding the working process of the organization and help the employees of that organization to overcome those problems. Mr. Carlos Ghosn is one among them. He is the former executive vice president of the company named Renault, which is obviously a large scale company. Ghosn can surely be counted as one of the best examples of leadership models or leader himself. The primary job of a leader is to come forward and provide honest and loyal service to the organization in which he works and solve the problem with proper skill and confidence (Durand and Sebag, 2005). Mr. Ghosn has done the same thing. He has provided his service to the company at a time when his company or organization which is Renault, was in danger. Then he took the responsibi lity of overcoming those problems and to get his company out of the crisis. When Renault was having some globalization problems at the same time, Nissan was about to be bankrupt due to their financial crisis. That point of time, it was Mr. Ghosn who thought to join both the company for the benefit of both of them (Millikin and Fu, 2004). The financial problem of Nissan would be solved, and the same will happen to the globalization problem of Renault. And he was successful in his idea and the year 2008, the company was again back with a bang. Carlos Ghosn proved that he was one of the greatest leaders of all time. In this process of securing his company, he had to play the most vital role, for which he had to take several steps and action. Being a great leader he knows the various aspects of leadership quality, what it means to an organization and how it should be operated. Not only these but also he was a good learner. With progressive time, he brought some changes in his leadership style and process to do his job more efficiently and with more confidence. He was a believer of the great man theory and the behavioral theory of leadership. According to the great man theory the leader of an organization should be the hero for the employees which he certainly was. Other than these aspects he had a very polite and pleasant communication with his employees and workers. He knew the value of good communication between leaders and workers. If a leader is friendly and polite to an employee, he can control that employee with ease. The task he was going to do or planning to do would have never been successful without the help and co-operation of the employees for that Ghosn chose this theory. According to him, employee satisfaction is one of the prime reasons behind the success of any company. That's why he was so nice and polite with his employees or workers (Ghosn and Nueno Iniesta, 2012). All over, Carlos Ghosn, for his leadership quality as well as styles can surely b e regarded as one of the best leaders of all time. Relative Strength and Weaknesses of Carlos Ghosn No one on this earth is perfect. Similarly, nothing is perfect in this world. The same goes for an organization as well as its various aspects. Leadership f an organization being the original aspect also falls in this category (Kloppenborg and Laning, 2012). None of the leaders who is renowned is perfect. Everybody have some flaws and some high points. The point is how they handle those different aspects in their leadership quality. Carlos Ghosn being one of the greatest leaders of all time obviously has several strengths. According to him, at first people or employees as well as the stakeholders considered him as an evil leader and a cost killer. Everyone was scared of him which means the situation was already against him. At that point, he decided to make a better environment for the workers of his company (Treiger, 2014). That means he is a leader who is well concerned about the essential requirements of the employees. He was a very motivating leader. He always tried to motivate h is employees to get more involved with their jobs and to grow their performance skill. Not only this, but he was also concerned with his behavioral factors. His communication or relationship with the employees of his company was excellent that everyone were free to communicate with him (Treiger, 2014). This was one of the most significant strengths of Carlos Ghosn. The strength of him is the ability to take the pressure. Being a leader of such a large sale company he had to maintain or control his temperament. This helped him to get involved in his work. On the other hand, naturally there are also some weaknesses in his leadership styles and quality. One of the greatest weaknesses was his tendency to take too much workload. He was certainly a great leader, but ultimately he was a human being. Taking too much work pressure can cause severe harm to a person both mentally and physically. Though he was aware of this fact, still he took extra pressure of work (Alford, 2007). This was a s erious issue in his leadership styles. Something that is precious should be preserved, but he never obeyed this. He liked to do all the work himself, but any harm to him can also cause harm to the company or organization as well. Secondly, later he was losing his temper, which was entirely unexpected from him. In a meeting, he even said that if he doesn't get success in his chosen business idea, he will resign. This lack of temper or lack of patience is very harmful to a leader and also for his organizations. If his whole career of leadership is analyzed or revised thoroughly, it will be clear that these mentioned weaknesses are negligible in front of the enormous success he got as a leader (Tracy, 2014). These are the fundamental strengths and weaknesses of Carlos Ghosn, one of the best leaders by example. References Alford, J. (2007). Focusing on Strengths, not Weaknesses.PsycCRITIQUES, 52(16). Durand, J. and Sebag, J. (2005). Management global, management transversal: Carlos Ghosn chez Nissan.Entreprises et histoire, 41(4), p.94. Ghosn, C. (2013).Karurosu gon ridashippuron. Tokyo: Nikkeibipisha. Ghosn, C. and Nueno Iniesta, P. (2012). Carlos Ghosn: "Todos los problemas tienen solucin, pero hay que pagar un precio".IESE Insight, (15), pp.45-49. Kloppenborg, T. and Laning, L. (2012).Strategic leadership of portfolio and project management. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press. Millikin, J. and Fu, D. (2004). The global leadership of Carlos Ghosn at Nissan.Thunderbird International Business Review, 47(1), pp.121-137. Tracy, B. (2014).Leadership. New York: American Management Association. Treiger, T. (2014). The Importance of Leadership Followership.Professional Case Management, 19(2), pp.93-94.

Spending More Of The Budget On Education free essay sample

Rather Than Welfare Essay, Research Paper Social welfare In the recent February article of the Los Angeles Timess, Clinton has announced to travel on with a program to assist people of public assistance. Clinton challenged corporate foremans five months ago to take people in from public assistance and trained them. One of the chief subscribers of the undertaking is a head executive officer of the Monsanto Ca. , the state # 8217 ; s 4th largest chemical shaper. Clinton singled out the Monsanto company and other companies for assisting out welfare workers. Monsanto has hired five receiver and found about 20 more occupations for others. Under the new Torahs of the public assistance reforms, the able organic structure workers should work within the two old ages of recieving benefits. Some of the good things out of this program is that by the twelvemonth 2005, merely 14 % of occupations will be done by more of the dependent hapless people. We will write a custom essay sample on Spending More Of The Budget On Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is bad because 46 % of assistance receivers had non completed high school or earned a General Equivalency Diploma. The ability to absorb more public assistance receivers is limited by the high- engineering chemical, agricultural, fiber and pharmaceutical development and fabrication. These workers would hold limited accomplishments. Monsanto is extremely protecteive of the privateness of its particular new hires. The new employees are hired to make full a assortment of clerical and light general- labour places. They will non be identified as the company # 8217 ; s welfare-to-work enterprise. The possible short-run consequence this would hold on society is that people, on public assistance, would be able to work and acquire paid for it. This will let them to be able to build finance of their ain that they will be able to assist them with their lives. The long-run consequence, though it seemed good for the people, would be bad for everyone else who weren # 8217 ; T on public assistance. This would be because the people working off public assistance would truly be working off the revenue enhancement remunerators money. So, the people who aren # 8217 ; t populating off public assistance would be paying higher revenue enhancements and the people who are populating on public assistance would be paying less revenue enhancements. Education Education is an of import factor in society today. Without instruction, we wouldn # 8217 ; t be able to hike our engineering. Hiking the engineering would so assist us in the medical field, assist us construct better houses that are more lasting to earthquakes, etc. I think that we should pass more of the budget on instruction. If we spended more on instruction, we would be able to acquire more, better instructor to learn our kids. With more instructors on the field, we would be able to learn more pupils than normal. To assist the instructors out in there instruction, money would be put in to purchase new, improved, and revised version of books. Thought this seems good and all, the short- term consequence would be that this would merely be able to go on for a certain sum of clip. This is because the people would be passing a batch of money on instruction, so the revenue enhancements would rise which is bad. In the long tally, though, with the addition in money for instruction, we would be able to larn a batch more. In clip, we would be able to happen the remedies for the deathly diseases that is in society today. I believe that all parts of society would profit from this because of the possible cause that will go on when we are able to handle AIDS the same manner we treat the common cold. The lone disadvantage is that of the money. I don # 8217 ; T truly think people would hold with the budget becuase they would desire to maintain the money for themselves. In general, if we spent more on instruction than on public assistance, we would be able to believe of better ways to better the manner we live and build a better topographic point where people can work and populate peacefully.

Chemistry and Element Jokes and Puns

Chemistry and Element Jokes and Puns You dont hear a lot of jokes, puns, or riddles in physics and biology, but chemistry is full of them. Here is a collection of reader-submitted chemistry jokes and puns. Some of them are groaners, but some are quite funny. Two guys walk into a restaurant. One guy says I would like some H2O. The other guy says I would like some H2O too (H2O2). The waiter delivers the drinks and the second guy dies after imbibing his. (H2O is water, while H2O2 is hydrogen peroxide.) I told a chemistry joke... There was no reaction.Why are helium, curium, and barium the three main medical elements? If you cant curium or helium, you barium!Are you  hydrogen? Why? Because I cant live without you.Are you 11 protons? Cause you are sodium fine.What did the chemist say to motivate his team? We ARGON to BARIUM.What dont you understand about copper? It makes perfect CENTS!A good way to remember gold is Au gimme that gold.What do you do with a dead scientist? You barium. Thats if you cant helium or curium.A wrestler holding down an opponent may have a NEON him.Two chemists walk into a bar, the first says I will have some H2O and the second one says I will have some H2O too and the second one dies! Hahaha (get it... H2O2 is hydrogen peroxide and you cant drink it or you will die)What happened to the chemist in the cave - Berkelium (bear kill him)Hey want to hear a joke about potassium?... KYou must be ethidium bromide, because Im tangled in your double helix.Are you made out of beryllium, ununtrium, and titanium ? Cause youre a BeUTi ( beauty) Do particles with multiple helium isotopes have mass? Only the Catholic ones!Are you feeling under the weather today? Because you look like youre Na fine.Sooo I was gonna tell you a joke about sodium and hydrogen......but NaH.So an atom walks into a bar with a gun and the bartender says Who are you and what do you want? to which the atom replies The names Bond, Ionic Bond, and I want an electron taken, not shared.What do you do to dead elements? You barium.I was looking for sodium on the periodic table, but then it told me it was not available!  (Na)What do you say when: oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, sodium and phosphorous walk into a bar? OH SNaP!Knock Knock, Whos There? Beryl.  Beryl who?  Beryl and LiumAre you made of fluorine, iodine, and neon? Because youre so fine! F is fluorine, I is iodine, and Ne is the element symbol for neon.What did the chemist do when he cut his leg? He put his neon (knee on) a table to bandage it up.Chemistry jokes are sodium funny! Hah... say it out loud. sodium sodium sodium sodium sodium sodium sodium sodium BATMAN!Argon walks into a bar. Bar man says, We dont serve noble gases. Argon doesnt react. (Noble gases are unreactive.)I am a superhero Fe Iron Male man Therefore I am iron man.What is the elements favorite carnival ride? The Ferrous Wheel, of course!Forget hydrogen youre my number one element.When someone I dont like asks me to hang out I tell them sodium hydrogen. (NaH)Did you hear Oxygen and Potassium went on a date? Yeah, it went OK. (O is the symbol for oxygen, while K is the symbol for potassium.)Did you hear that Oxygen and Magnesium hooked up last night? OMgAre you a mixture of Fluoride, Iodine, and Nitrogen cause you are fine.You wanna hear a joke about potassium?.......K ?  You wanna hear a joke about sodium?.......Na You wanna hear a joke about silicon?........Si  You wanna hear a joke about nitrogen and oxygen?.......NO You wanna hear a joke about tungsten?........WTeacher: Do you know your elements? Student: y eah, maybe... Teacher: isotope so. Are you made of copper and tellurium Because youre pretty CuTe!Q: Why does helium laugh so much? A: Because it goes HeHe (Which is actually a pretty poor joke because helium is monatomic.)Chemist 1: do you have any sodium bromate? Chemist 2: NaBrOWhat does a metal miner write home in a letter to his girlfriend? I am zincing of you all the time!What does Uranium, Nickel, Cobalt, and Radon spell? UNiCoRn!Guys, stop it with the puns. Weve all sulfured enough.My jokes are kinda boron.. but a lot of the good ones argon. Id pay a nickel to hear another joke. These are comedy gold.I was going to tell a periodic table joke but all them argon.They were standing in their yards. Pop the Cd In neighbor!Come on guys, these chemistry jokes are getting a bit boron.Q: What did the chemist say when he found two isotopes of Helium? A: HeHeWhat do you say when someone takes your gold watch? Au come back with my watch!What did the elements say to hydrogen? What a loner!Billy was a chemists son but now h e is no more. What he thought was H2O was H2SO4! Q: What did one ion say to another? A: Ive got my ion you.My dog died so I had to barium.Protons have mass? I didnt know they were Catholic?Youre so boron Im going to go find a krypton to barium in.A neutron went to buy a drink. He asked the employee how much it is. Employee: For you, no charge! Proton 1: Hey, that man just got a free drink! Proton 2: Are you sure? Proton 1: Im positive!Obama is giving his speech. Joe Wilson says: U Li!!This joke is sodium good. (You have to hear it to get it.)How did the boss speak to the very lazy employee? Fermium, of course!What do you get when you mix helium with steel? flying carsA teacher asks their class what the molecular formula for water is. A student replies HijklmnO. The teacher says no youre wrong. Then the student says didnt you say the formula was H to OAll the elements are sitting at the dinner table and neon says Helium dont eat too much! Youre gonna get fat! Helium says No Im not, Im the second lightest here!First person: Do I hav e a joke on sodium Answer: Na What element did the dinosaurs say killed them? ArgonJoke: what does the chemist tell his friends when he goes into an eatery? When I go into a restaurant, iodine.What is uranium fluorine oxygen? Answer: UFOWe should just find all the bad chemistry jokes and just barium.Teacher: Whats the molecular formula of water? Student: HIJKLMNO Teacher: No, thats wrong. Student: But didnt you say water is H to O?Carbon was saying to oxygen hey did you hear about the new phone company O2? And then oxygen said yeah they named it after me. HAHAHAHAHelium walks into a store and asks for his nickel but the manager said, Your brother? Get it? They are both on the periodic table!1st Person: Do you like Iron man, coz I do! 2nd Person: No, he just a big Fe Male!What is a house cats favorite chemical compound? MoUSeI would tell you a good element joke, but they ARGON!!!What do you call iron blowing in the breeze? FebreezeSilicon jokes: Q: Is silicon the same in Spanish? | A: SiQ.Why do chems call Heliu m, Curium and Barium, phenetical elements? A. coz if you cant Helium or Curium, YOU BARIUM Person 1: Does anyone know any good jokes about sodium? Person 2: Na  Anyone know any sodium, bromine, or Oxygen jokes? Na BrOChemistry jokes are sodium funny. Hahahahahaahaha  Argon walks into a bar, the bartender says We dont serve nobles gasses here. Argon doesnt react.Lets head on down to the cemetery and get our Krypton.Ii would say a good chem joke but all the good ones ARGONDid you hear? Oxygen and magnesium got together OMg!!Why did the scientist want carbon, Arsenic, and Hydrogen? It makes CAsHSo some helium walks into the bar and says lets Barium!!! everyone screamed. why are you screaming? Asked helium  Cause you want to bury um!!A man walks into a bar and asks for H2O then a 2nd man comes in and asks for H2O too. The second man died. (The 2nd man asked for H2O2, which is liquid poison.)A neutron walks into a bar and says How much for a beer? The barman says For you NO CHARGE  Q: If H2O is the formula for ice, what is the formula for ice? A: H2O cubed.These element jokes are so dead, we should barium. Hydrogen and Oxygen walk into a bar and see Gold... they say Au, get outta the bar!Q: What did the copper say to the steel-er? A: CesiumWhat does a good doctor do for his patients? HeliumWhats the best formula for breakfast? Barium, Cobalt, and Nitrogen (BaCoN)What did the bar-tender say when Oxygen, Hydrogen, Sulfur, Sodium, and Phosphorus walked into his bar? OH SNaP!What song starts with Oxygen Hydrogen Sodium Sodium? Oh Na Na, whats my name.A proton and a neutron are walking down the street. The proton says, Wait, I dropped an electron help me look for it. The neutron says Are you sure? The proton replies Im positive.So one guy says to another Wanna hear a potassium joke? KWhat did two scientists do when their test subject died? BariumWhat animal do you get when you take out the T, A and I in the word Potassium. Possum.If Fe is Iron, then does that mean that a Female is Iron Man?Sodium Bromate Joke: Want some sodium bromate? Na BrO!I would tell you a chemistry joke but all the go od ones Argon! Want me to tell a potassium joke? K.... Will you accept a sodium joke? Na, im fineI dont want to tell jokes in class because I might get NO REACTIONWhat do tomb robbers do to pyramids? -Radium What did the king say to the guard when the prisoner escaped? -Cesium!Susan was in chemistry. Susan is no more, for what she thought was H2O was H2SO4How did Arsenals become a strong club in English premier league? Because they are bronzed with Arsenic.What will happen if you get into water and cant zwim? Zinc!What sharp object do you get when you combine potassium, nickel, and iron? KNiFeCarbon! - The happy Frenchmans opinion after buying his new automobile.When my wealthy old aunt passed away I got all the antimony!Whats the name of the element that comes after nine? TinWhats the first thing a teenager does after school? Radon food in the fridgeWhat did the cowboy do with his horse? Rhodium Where did he do it? Holmium on the RangeWhat do you do with a dead chemist? Barium. (Explanation: bury em, bury them sounds like barium) Zinc Element Joke: Where do you put dirty dishes? In the zinc.

Haiyi Hotels Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Haiyi Hotels - Assignment Example The attainment of the vision of this organization is a result of a myriad of ideas laid out in the core values of the company. First, the company’s executive’s commitment to offering effective leadership will propel the business forward to attaining the leading position that the vision aims at achieving. Innovative practices, creative thinking, and an entrepreneurial spirit define this duty. Secondly, the company’s culture of integrity, honesty, and ethics in all facets of business coupled with the respect that honors each guest’s individuality is an important milestone in achieving the vision. These values give the company an upper hand in tailoring customer service to fit customers’ specifications and expectations. The company hopes to build on the already strong and loyal customer base, as achieved by a keen observance of the values mentioned above, to venture into new locations and better their services in the existing establishments. A genuine connection with the environment and neighborhoods and the communities in which the hotel company operates is of fundamental importance in the realization of the vision. Information about the market and customer expectations are of invaluable significance in the company’s vision of having autonomous establishments that have unique cultures. Maintaining such a connection with the neighborhood and the communities gives the company an assurance of a continuous flow of authentic and spot-on information.

Teacher expecations and how they infulence kids Essay

Teacher expecations and how they infulence kids - Essay Example Expectations of teachers manifest themselves in the way they treat their students especially lower grade students who are still undergoing cognitive development. Most teachers exhibit differential behavior toward students, depending on their intellectual abilities. Such behavior may be appropriate or not. If much attention is paid to the bright students only, the rest will be disadvantaged, and may lose interest in the learning. Teachers should expect the best from all their students, irrespective of their abilities. If a teacher publicly declares the weaknesses of their students, they lose confidence in themselves (Begley, 2003). Teacher expectations of their students vary, depending on the grade they are in and their capabilities in different subjects. However, high expectations occur in the subjects considered ‘tough’ and for students in final grades. These high expectations are meant to make the concerned students work harder and meet them. However, this is not always the case, as different students will interpret this differently. High expectations exert pressure on students, and get discouraged if they fail to meet those expectations. Low expectations make students lose confidence, and interest in learning. The differential behavior by teachers results in widening of the gap between the low and high –achieving students. Some teachers choose to concentrate on the high achievers only, while others concentrate on the low-achievers as a compensatory strategy. Concentrating on low-achieving students evokes negative treatment from teachers toward such students. Such students may perceive their special treatment to be a result of their incompetency. This makes them develop low expectations of themselves and may not be motivated to work hard. For teachers to have a positive influence on their students, they should set realistic goals for their

Critique paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critique paper - Essay Example For instance, Charles Krauthammer considers the climate being a ‘settled science’ as mythical. He criticizes Barrack Obama and other leading scientists for selling this idea. In the article, â€Å"The Myth of ‘Settled Science’, Krauthammer mainly argues that the issue has been hyped by propaganda and fallacies of certain scientists and global politicians. To be specific, Charles Krauthammer does not deny that global climate alteration is a solemn problem that requires immediate solution. Neither does he denies the global warming problem. His argument is that climate change is not a ‘settled science’ as presented by Barrack Obama and the likes. He finds nothing scientific in this idea because science is neither static nor impervious to challenge. He uses an example of mammograms that was assumed ‘settled’ to reduce deaths due to breast cancer to an extent that Obamacare made it a mandatory requirements. However, few years later a massive research study of 90,000 randomized women showed that mammograms have no effect on breast cancer deaths. In this article, Charles Krauthammer presents a real and factual analysis of the global climate change situation. He articulately uses the ‘settledness’ to present his arguments in the most truest sense. He uses this to word to show that climate change is not a ‘settled science.’ Despite the depth of the problem, there are rooms for change of ideas as the world get to learn more about climate change and its solution (McGann, 1983). Secondly, Krauthammer uses the word ‘mock’ to show the fallacies of the global politicians and some scientists. In essence, he mocks the world’s idea of dealing with the climate change by not providing real solution but rather relying on some models, which are deemed to change with time. Although Charles Krauthammer presents very passionate arguments against making the climate

Effect of Potential Difference on Copper Coating

Effect of Potential Difference on Copper Coating Design Research Question: What affect does the potential difference (V) across the circuit has on the copper coating on an iron metal? Hypothesis: My hypothesis is based on the Ohm’s Law which states V = IR, where V is the potential difference across the circuit and ‘I’ is the current present in the circuit and ‘R’ is the resistance. (When ‘R’ is constant) The above equation states that as the current increases, the electron flow will also increase. Thus increasing the potential difference across the circuit which in turn increases the copper coating on iron metal. Variables: Independent Variable: Potential difference Dependent Variable: Change in mass Control Variable: Concentration of the electrolyte Resistance of the circuit Temperature Distance between the electrodes Materials Required: Voltmeter (0.2 V) Ammeter (0.1 mA) Copper Plate Sand paper Iron nail Rheostat Connecting Wires Electrolyte (1M CuSO4 solution) Beaker Alligator Clips Weighing Scale (0.01 g) Diagram of the experiment: Procedure: Set up the experiment as shown in the diagram above. Take a sand paper and remove the rust from iron nail. Now place the iron nail on a weighing scale to get its weight. The iron nail should be now attached as the anode The potential difference should be kept as 1V Pour the electrolyte into a beaker and dip the iron nail into it for about 10mins. After 10mins, remove the iron nail and dry it. Repeat the above procedure for V = 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3. Steps (1-8) should be repeated twice. Process the obtained data and record the observations. How to control the Control Variables: To control the concentration of electrolyte, make sure that the same electrolyte is used throughout the experiment. Resistance should be kept constant for the Hypothesis to be true, and for this a rheostat is used in the experiment by which resistance can be controlled. The experiment will be performed in a closed lab environment to ensure that the conditions of the equipment are not affected by changing atmospheric conditions. The distance between the electrodes should be kept constant because if the electrodes are not kept in a constant position, the rate of transfer of electrons will increase hence the mass deposited will also increase. Data Control and Processing Raw Data Table:- The Raw Data Table consists of the data obtained from two trials and is shown below in a tabular form Table 1 Table 2 Qualitative Observation: Reddish-Brown coating on the iron nail when it is dipped in the electrolyte. When the current is passed, due to the flow of electrons from anode to cathode, the copper coating thickens as if it is trying to displace the iron. The iron nail becomes blunt due to the heavy deposition of copper. After taking down the readings and noting the associated qualitative data, the raw data table is now processed and the data is represented graphically so that a better analysis could be done. Processed Data Table: The processed Data table consists of two tables showing the change in mass after the data is obtained. A graphical representation of the data is also done. Processed Table 1: Change in Mass was calculated by subtracting the initial mass from the final mass, For V = 1.0  ± 0.1, Change in mass (ΔM) = Final Mass – Initial Mass = 1.596g – 1.560g = 0.036g Similarly, Change in Mass was calculated for different Potential difference shown in the table. Processed Table 2: Similarly for this table, For V = 3.0  ± 0.1 Change in mass (ΔM) = Final Mass – Initial Mass = 1.889 – 1.797 = 0.092g Graphical Representation: Trial 1 The above graph shows the relationship between Change in mass and Potential Difference. The obtained graph resembles a linear graph and the error bars are plotted. A trend line is also made to pass through all obtained values. From the analysis of the graph of Trial 1, it can be observed that as the Potential difference increases the change in mass also increases which means that the amount of copper deposited increases with increasing potential difference. Similarly, graph for trial 2 is shown below, Graph 2 The graph obtained for Trial 2 also resembles a linear graph but there are some differences between the graph obtained for trial 1 and trial 2. As Potential difference across the circuit increases, the Change in mass also increases which means that the copper coating thickens with increasing Potential difference. Further Calculations are done to find the exact difference between both the trials, Calculations: For trial 1, The equation for the graph is y = 0.0296x + 0.005, Finding the slope of the above graph, m = 0.0296 Slope = 0.0296 gV-1 The slop obtained from differentiating the equation states that when 1V is increased, 0.0296 of Copper deposition takes place. This cycle continues for 1V increase. Calculating the moles of Copper, Moles = Moles = Moles = In Copper Sulphate, a +2 charge is present on Copper hence the required electrons will be as follows, Calculating the transfer of charge, Charge transferred = = 89.60 C Increase in the current = = 0.149 A For Trial 2, The equation of this graph is y = 0.03x + 0.0058 By differentiating the above equation, m = 0.03 gV-1 Calculating the moles of Copper, No. of moles = Mass à · Molar Mass Required amount of moles = = 9.44Ãâ€"10-4 mol at 1 p.d Calculating the transfer of Charge, Charge transfer = = 90.95 C Increase in the Current = 90.95 C à · 600s = 0.151 A Conclusion and Evaluation Conclusion For Trial 1, The Charge transfer obtained is 89.60 C For Trial 2, The Charge transfer is 90.95 C The difference between both the charges = 90.95 – 89.60 = 1.35 C Uncertainty of the experiment cannot be found out because the slope of both the graphs are different. From the graph, it is seen that, Evaluation The major reason for this deviation from the trend line plotted in the graph indicates that the resistance was not controlled properly. The graph is plotted on the basis of the Ohm’s Law stating, when the Resistance ‘R’ is constant but in this experiment, both trial one and trial 2 have different value for Charge transfer thus it can be concluded that the experiment was not accurate because of the presence of fluctuating Resistance. Errors that may have occurred The major reason for the experiment going wrong was due to an improper rheostat. The rheostat didn’t have a proper grip between the coil and movable scale. The scale may not be properly attached to the coil hence leading to a deviation between the obtained values. While removing rust from the iron nail using a sand paper, it may have had happened that some amount of rust remained on the surface of the iron nail and was not removed due to ignorance. The experiment was performed for approximately 4 hours. The experiment on the whole was not performed on a single day and hence some discrepancies in the solution may have had happened. The instruments used maybe were not calibrated properly. Number of trials taken in the experiment is only two which is very less as it does not give a big picture of the errors occurred while performing the experiment. How to improve the experiment The experiment can be improved to a greater extent by using a rheostat which has a good grip between the coil and the moving scale. This can be done by checking the instruments before performing the experiment. A fresh iron nail should be taken for the experiment. If it is not taken, then due to carelessness, some rust may remain on the iron nail and at one point it will become so thick that removing it with a sand paper won’t be possible. The experiment should be conducted for a shorter period of time and should be performed on one day itself because if the solution is kept open, it may happen that the solution will degrade or will react with air. Instruments with proper least count should be taken to avoid any systematic error. A minimum of five trials should be taken to reach an accurate conclusion.

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Macbeth - Important Role of

The Concept of Fate in Macbeth      Ã‚   Literary critics disagree over the amount of leverage which fate exerted on the Macbeths in the Shakespearean drama Macbeth. Fate was quite influential, but it did not impair their free will; they remained free moral agents who ambitiously and voluntarily surrendered themselves to the evil suggestions of fate.    Macbeth: "If Chance would have me king, why, Chance may crown me without my stir." A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy references Fate in the play to the Witches' prophecies:    The words of the witches are fatal to the hero only because there is in him something which leaps into light at the sound of them; but they are at the same time the witness of forces which never cease to work in the world around him, and, on the instant of his surrender to them, entangle him inextricably in the web of Fate. (320)    Blanche Coles states in Shakespeare's Four Giants the place of Fate in Macbeth's life:    Then, like a cog slipping naturally into its own notch, his thoughts turn to the Witches and their prophecy, and he concludes that he has defiled his mind for the descendants of Banquo he has murdered the gracious Duncan for them; he has poisoned his own peace of mind and given his immortal soul (eternal jewel) to the devil, the common enemy of man - all this to make the descendants of Banquo kings! Rather than face such an outcome, he challenges Fate to enter the lists with him against Banquo and champion him to the last extremity, even though that extremity be death itself. (57)    In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye stresses the connection between the witches and fate:    The successful ruler is a combination ... ...uin Books, 1991.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare's Four Giants. Rindge, NH: Richard R. Smith Publisher, Inc., 1957.    Coursen, H. R. Macbeth: a Guide to the Play. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1997.    Frye, Northrop. Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1967.    Knights, L.C. "Macbeth." Shakespeare: The Tragedies. A Collectiion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody's Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.

Indiana Building Supplies

Indiana Building Supplies – Comment An analysis of these ratios shows that both Clemens and Willis are right. All of the profitability ratios for IBS are higher than the industry average. Thus, IBS seems to have done well. And indeed, it was done well for its shareholders in 2005. Note, however, that the current and quick ratios have generally been trending downward and are significantly lower than the industry averages as well as the stipulations in the loan covenants. Thus, liquidity is poor. Moreover, inventory is turning over very slowly and the average collection period has increased significantly.These figures are manifestations of IBS’s policy of raising prices and focusing almost exclusively on Indiana customers who are relatively price-insensitive but have a more uncertain demand. It seems like IBS is charging a sufficiently high price to overcome a sales level that is significantly lower than it was in 2004. In fact, it has probably been lucky to encounter a r obust demand from its Indiana customers (it is reasonable to assume negligible demand from Ohio and Missouri), so that it did not experience a more precipitous decline in sales relative to its 2004 sales.In addition to this, IBS has also experienced very high volatility in its liquidity and inventory turnover ratios during 2005, another development that is consistent with its pricing strategy. The lengthening of the collection period seems to indicate that Indiana customers are more risky in the sense that they don’t pay as promptly as the average customer. What does this mean for the bank? Peter Willis is correct in being concerned. What IBS seems to be doing is to adopt a strategy of increasing risk for the possibility of higher profit.Raising the prices of its outputs is equivalent to concentrating on the Indiana market and excluding the Ohio and Missouri markets. This means changing its market in such a way that IBS now faces a riskier demand schedule for its products, bu t one that yields it higher profits if it is â€Å"lucky†. Since the bank is simply repaid what it is owed, it does not benefit from this higher profit-higher risk strategy. If IBS is successful in selling off all that it produces (i. e. , if the Indiana customers exhibit sufficiently high demand), then all of the extra profits go to IBS.On the other hand, if demand is poor and IBS cannot unload its finished goods inventory, the bank may not be repaid and could be left holding a mix of finished goods, work-in-progress and raw materials inventory. So, the bank absorbs much of the risk associated with IBS’s pricing strategy. This is a classic example of moral hazard related to risky debt. Note also that IBS’s debt ratio has been increasing since 2000, and now it is well above the industry average as well as what is permitted in the loan covenants. This also hurts IBS’s creditors since their risk exposure is increased.Moreover, as we saw in our discussion of capital in this chapter, a decline in equity capital relative to total assets increases the firm’s incentive to take more risk at the creditors’ expense. So, Clemens’ willingness to go along with Klinghoffer’s suggestion now is not that surprising. Note that the benefits of increased profitability are skewed more in favor of IBS’s shareholders; for 2005 the return on the net worth of IBS is 299 basis points above the industry average, whereas its return on total assets is 70 basis points above the industry average.Let us now see if IBS could generate enough cash internally to repay FNBB its old loan as well as the new loan. As we saw in our earlier discussion, there are three sources of internal cash generation: (i)net income and depreciation, (ii)reduction of accounts receivables, and (iii)reduction of inventory. Now, suppose that we can get IBS to bring its ratios in line with industry averages. How much cash will this generate? (i) Net income a nd depreciation: Assuming cash flows from earnings and deprecation in 2006 remain the same as in 2005, we have cash flows from earnings plus deprecation = $202,500 + $72,000 = $274,500. ii)Reduction of accounts receivables: In 2005, IBS’s average collection period was 49 days, whereas the industry average was 37 days. Current accounts receivable = $600,000 (Average collection period = 49 days) Projected accounts receivable = (Sales / day) * 37 days = ($4,500,000/365) * 37 days = $456,164 where ($4,500,000/365) is sales/day for 2005. If IBS could reduce its average collection period by 12 days, it could generate $600,000 – $456,164 = $143,836 (iii)Inventory: In 2005, IBS’s inventory turnover ratio was 5, whereas the industry average was 8. 5.If IBS could increase its ratio to the industry average by reducing its inventory, then this would generate $900,000 – $529,412 = $370,588, where $900,000 is the actual 2005 inventory and $529,412 = year 2005 IBS sales / 8. 5. Adding up these three sources gives us $788,924 (=$274,500 + $143,836 + $370,588). If a new loan were to be extended, IBS would owe FNBB $473,000 + $220,000 = $693,000, assuming a 10% interest on the new loan and no new interest accumulation on the old loan. Thus, if sufficient preventive measures could be taken, IBS could generate enough cash internally to pay off the bank. A word of caution, though.The $788,924 is a very optimistic estimate since it assumes that IBS can bring its ratios in line with industry averages without affecting its profit margin. This is unlikely. We would recommend not calling the old loan and extending the new loan, but asking IBS to do the following: 1. Reduce sales prices so as to be competitive with sellers in Ohio and Missouri. 2. Pursue a more aggressive marketing strategy to reduce inventories and accounts receivables. 3. Cut back on production to ensure inventory does not get stockpiled. 4. Get tough in collecting old accounts from Indiana customers even if it means sacrificing some future business. .Provide some augmentation of equity by cutting back on dividends and possibly issuing some more new equity at an appropriate time. Get the debt ratio down. 6. Do not take on new debt to replace the $200,000 that will be paid off with the bank loan. 7. Secure the bank loan with specific (inside) collateral if not already done so. 8. Design a realistic periodic loan repayment plan. 9. Consider the possibility of asking for a personal loan guarantee from Bob Clemens. We have assumed that the accounting practices of other firms in the industry are comparable to IBS’s, so that a comparative ratio analysis like this is meaningful.

Pleasure †Morality Essay

Mill is an heir of an intellectual movement in England known as Utilitarianism; utilitarianism is concerned with the acquisition of pleasure and elimination of pain. John Stuart Mill follows the guidelines of utilitarianism in order to decide if certain actions are moral. Utilitarianism states that a person should perform the action that produces the most pleasurable outcome for every person involved. In order to accurately judge if one pleasure is greater than another, the person must be unprejudiced and have experienced both; such judges will prefer the higher pleasures over the lower ones. However, Mill recognizes that people aren’t always driven to follow moral social standards, because the reasons behind their actions can be not only external but internal as well. What Mill means is that expectations of us from our peers and from a higher being, such as God, do not obligate us to follow these rules set out by society; it is our own feeling within that holds us accountable to these standards. Lastly, Mill believes that in order to be a moral creature, we must obey the three conditions of utility: 1) Goodness is understood as production of happiness, elimination of pain, 2) for all of those concerned with the action, and 3) each counts for one and â€Å"no more than one. † Utilitarian’s believe that a person’s actions are right if they produce happiness; â€Å"the greatest happiness of greatest number,†(Denise, Peterfreund, and White, p. 158). Michael, Peter and Samir are employees at Initech and are planning scamming the company by installing a computer virus that skims money out of the company’s bank account. Mill would look at this action by looking at the conditions of utilitarianism. Although they meet the first criteria of producing happiness through the elimination of pain by acquiring large amounts of money, they do not meet part two or three. In regards to part two, it does produce happiness for the ones directly performing the scam but it indirectly affects the other members working for Initech as well as stakeholders and therefore causes pain for those indirectly affected. Lastly, the third condition to count for one and only one is not met because a lot of people are involved. Mill also considers that in order for an action to be moral, it must come from within. Peter, being the leader of this scam, has no internal morals or considerations for those around him. Michael and Samir are only involved in this scam because they are the brains in this operation and it wouldn’t be possible to perform this action otherwise. Mill believes that although people are motivated by their own desires and they shouldn’t act on them. However, Peter, Michael, and Samir do just that. Mill thinks that when people are excessively fortunate that they are incapable of enjoying it because it only benefits themselves. This goes to show that their scam is immoral because it only directly increases their happiness due to their own self-interests. Also, Mill argues that a person with high capacities will need more to make him happy and therefore is capable of experiencing larger quantities of pain; however, they still shouldn’t allow this to lower their expectations and faculties. Although Peter has experienced a prolonged period of pain while working at Initech through tedious tasks and constant pressure from his eight bosses, this should not be a good enough reason for him to affect others’ faculties and reduce their worth as human beings. Mill says,† it is greater to be a man dissatisfied than a pig satisfied,† (p. 162). In other words, Peter is not capable of experiencing the highest form of pleasure, and therefore chooses to increase the lower pleasures, lowering his existence in the world. Many people who start off wanting everything which is moral sometimes turn to selfish measures. The reason why so many people end up becoming selfish is due to being in occupations that lower their aspirations of something greater; which may be a reason why Michael, Peter, and Samir choose to go through with this scam. They are not unprejudiced judges because they do not know what higher pleasures consist of; due to lack of opportunity. Considering all of these utilitarian schemes, Mill would argue that although on the surface Michael, Samir, and Peter seem to be acting immorally, they could possibly be unable to accurately judge both the higher and lower pleasures because they were not capable of enjoying the higher pleasures.

Is Being An Ethic Minority Influential In The Diagnosis Of Depression Social Work Essay Essays

Is Being An Ethic Minority Influential In The Diagnosis Of Depression Social Work Essay Essays Is Being An Ethic Minority Influential In The Diagnosis Of Depression Social Work Essay Essay Is Being An Ethic Minority Influential In The Diagnosis Of Depression Social Work Essay Essay The essay rubric is funny and could be interpreted in a figure of ways. First, it invites me to make up ones mind whether the essay should be from the position of a client, or the healer, or both. I have chosen to show the essay from the point of position that it is the client who is a member of an cultural minority group. Possibly what drew me to this rubric over the others is of personal significance, being from a multicultural household and holding lived and worked in states in the Far East and West Africa where civilization and society is immensely different to that of the UK. Essentially, I have experienced being an cultural minority member in the opposite context and hence was eager to research the essay from a clients position in the UK. I chose to concentrate on depression instead than psychosis, as I was less cognizant of current research associating ethnicity to depression and felt this would equilibrate out my motives and be good for my development as a trainee. As for the content, I will get down with a treatment on what is meant by an cultural minority group and by the term depression. I will so show my position of how ethnicity affects the diagnostic procedure, initiated with a brief health warning about the deductions of racial stereotyping. Following this I will concentrate on presentation of symptoms and the preparation procedure of depression. The 2nd half of the essay will be about the intervention procedure, looking closely at the influence of ethnicity on help-seeking behavior and psychological interventions. Finally I will stop the essay with a brooding history incorporating my ideas about completing the essay and a decision. What is an cultural minority group? In its original signifier, the term ethnicity agencies people or tribe ( i.e. ethos ; Franklin, 1983 ) . Senior A ; Bhopal ( 1994 ) high spot that is now used as a variable to depict wellness informations . On closer review, the construct of ethnicity is non simple or easy to understand. First, cultural minority position does non account for alterations over clip and context. There are besides many different footings used for groups. McKenzie and Crowcroft ( 1996 ) highlight a good illustration of this: aˆÂ ¦a Black Baptist Born in the UK whose parents were born in Jamaica might be called Afro-Caribbean, black British, of Caribbean origin UK Born, West Indian, and of class, Jamaican . Furthermore, cultural classification does non inform us of whether the person is of first or 2nd coevals descent, non to advert the migratory position of the person. Give our multicultural clime, the significance of ethnicity is a beginning of go oning argument and is besides likely to alter with national tendencies and political relations. For illustration, the Irish have merely late be recognized as an cultural minority in the UK. Although the National Institute for Mental Health ( NIMH, 2001 ) has advised that ethnicity should be self-identified, this does non ever go on in the procedure of research. McKenzie A ; Crowcroft ( 1996 ) point out that this leaves many research workers in the place of delegating rank of an cultural minority group on an informal footing in order to hold comparable informations. Indeed, specifying an cultural minority group is debatable due to the deficiency of consensus. Despite these issues it was necessary for me to attach myself to a concrete definition for the intent of this essay. Furthermore, I have selected a peculiar cultural minority group ( African-Caribbean s ) when specific illustrations are needed. The definition I am following sing an cultural minority group is: Those with a cultural heritage distinct from the bulk population ( Manthorpe A ; Hattiaratchy, 1993 ) . What is Depression? Depression is a term used both clinically and in mundane discourse ( Valente, 1994 ) to depict a host of unpleasant feelings which people experience, runing from a low temper to depicting a situational feeling ( Keller A ; Nesse, 2005 ) . When depression is considered clinically important is it rather different from the common experiences merely narrated. A individual may be diagnosed with clinical depression if they are sing down temper or loss of involvement and pleasance plus at least five other inauspicious feelings during a two-week period or longer ( DSM-IV ; American Psychological Association, 1994 ) . When depression is at its worst, it can do people retreat from ordinary pleasances and concentration may go really hapless. Some people with depression study a sense of hopelessness and can see self-destructive feelings or ideations as a consequence ( APA, 1994 ) . Clinical depression can happen aboard different upsets and be multifaceted in its presentation. It is likely just to state depression does non happen in every state across the universe in the manner we view it in the West. Other civilizations may label it as something different. For illustration, Kleinman ( 1980, as cited in Bentall, 2003 ) found Western depression and a Chinese status called Neurasthenia to be the same thing, although expressed in different cultural ways. Given this, I question how utile our depression label is. This essay is nevertheless, directed by the rubric and the focal point of this essay will therefore follow the DSM-IV definition of depression. Harmonizing to the Office for National Statistics clinical depression is experienced by 10 % of the British Population at any one clip. Depression is a diagnosing of increasing popularity, and was one time referred to as the common cold of psychopathology ( Seligman, 1975 as cited in Hawton et al. , 2000 ) . It is estimated that there are over 6 million people in England entirely who are designated as from minority cultural groups ( Department of Health ( DoH ) , 2003 ) . Much of our current cognition of depression in UK African-Caribbean people relies on limited research demoing inconsistent consequences. I feel such statistics frequently lead to misdiagnosis, as clinicians are informed by research and policy. In order to avoid statistical favoritism I have hence non included any informations displaying suggested prevalence rates of depression in this population. Chakraborty ( 2002 ) points out that early surveies were criticized for methodological jobs, but argues that more recent surveies have attempted to recommend more strict methodological analysis. More recent surveies tend to propose a high prevalence of depression in African-Caribbean populations ( e.g. Nazroo, 1997 as cited in Chakraborty, 2002 ) . Interestingly, it is besides thought that depression is underecognised and unde rtreated in African-Caribbeans, particularly in primary attention ( Ahmed A ; Bhugra, 2006 ) . To what extent is rank of an cultural minority group influential in the procedure of diagnosing of people sing depression? In the recent Inside Outside UK national enterprise ( Department of Health, 2003 ) a well-established nexus between wellness attention disparities and ethnicity is claimed and constructions are recommended which mark this. I question the wider deductions of bring forthing such paperss as it appears to propose people should be viewed otherwise harmonizing to their cultural position. As Lewis-Fernandez ( 2002 ) justly indicate out, even people who portion the same cultural minority position can differ, as cultural groups are culturally heterogenous . As celebrated above, rank of an cultural group is non a inactive thing and there are huge differences within an ethnic group every bit good as exterior of it. I can associate to this as I frequently have troubles when finishing the cultural position box on equal chances signifiers. Although I would category myself as white-British my male parent is Italian-American and my female parent is Swiss, hence I have four passports. I usually choose to categorise myself as British nevertheless this sometimes alterations to white-other or white-American depending on where I have been populating. In my experience, I feel the desire to categorise people in society outweighs the utility of making so. Given the progressively multicultural clime of the UK it may non ever be accurate to province that white people are of the dominant beginning nevertheless statistically that is presently the instance. This means that the comparatively recent rush in involvement and attending on differences of cultural groups in mental wellness is frequently taken from an essentialist position, where differences are observed from my or our position. Claims made in research detailing differences between cultural groups besides encourage categorising of persons, which merely creates an othering between groups. There is a concern for me that by concentrating on the differences between African-Caribbean s and Whites, or any other ethnic minority merely serves to reenforce the thought of racial differences and segregation. Institutional racism is a signifier of favoritism, which stems from the impression that groups should be treated otherwise harmonizing to phenotypic difference ( Mckenzie, 1999 ) . It has been suggested that it is widespread in the UK ( Modood et al. , 1997 ) . It seems to me that if we are to eliminate racial disparities in mental wellness attention ; concordant with the purposes of the recent Department of Health enterprise ( 2003 ) , we all need to look at the manner we are speaking and showing our thoughts around this. For the grounds merely discussed I will now try to show a position that is balanced and allows disparities of depression in African-Caribbean people to be seen in a relational context. Whilst I will depict possible countries of difference, the purpose is non to pigeonhole people harmonizing to their ethnicity. Presentation The bodily manners of sing and showing hurt may be different for some people of African-Caribbean beginning life in the UK than people from other cultural backgrounds. Some surveies suggest they experience and nowadays more bodily symptoms of depression, e.g. concerns, aching limbs ( Comino et al, 2001 ) . Comino and co-workers besides suggest parlances of hurt differ linguistically and can take the signifier of cultural metaphors . If clinicians do non acknowledge these symptoms as marks of hurt I imagine some clients may be left feeling rather frustrated. For us as healers this does do the procedure of diagnosing more complex. An consciousness of the possibility of bodily presentations, with a position to asking about the clients apprehension of them seems helpful. An attack for appraisal and apprehension of bodily symptoms of depression and parlances of hurt has been developed ( Lewis-Fernandez A ; Diaz, 2002 ) . There have besides been efforts at placing the nucleus symptoms of depression across different cultural groups, although the last one is most likely outdated now. In their big cross-cultural survey, Jablensky et al. , ( 1981 as cited in Bhugra A ; Ayonrinde, 2004 ) found nine common international symptoms of depression: unhappiness, joylessness, anxiousness, tenseness, deficiency of energy, loss of involvement, hapless concentration and thoughts of inadequacy, insufficiency and ineptitude. Possibly making more surveies like this could assist in us developing a more cosmopolitan attack to symptom acknowledgment. Despite the grounds, I do believe that symptom presentation of depression can change for a figure of grounds wholly unrelated to an person s cultural minority position. Children were one time considered a hard and under diagnosed population as they frequently present with bodily symptoms ( e.g. failure to do expected weight additions in really immature kids ; Carson A ; Cantwell, 1980 ) which makes it hard to name. Subsequently, evaluation graduated tables and steps have been devised which are appropriate for different age groups and enable a conventional diagnosing to be made ( Goodyer, 2001 ) . Peoples populating with HIV may besides show bodily symptoms of depression. Kalichman et al. , ( 2000 ) suggest available methods for separating overlapping symptoms should be utilised when measuring such persons. It seems obvious to me that we have to accommodate standard methods of acknowledging depressive symptoms when covering with the diverseness that of course occurs in human existen ces. Language is besides thought to be a possible barrier ( Mentality, 2004 ) in the diagnostic procedure of depression. African-Caribbean people may non ever speak clear English but speak multiple local linguistic communications or with an speech pattern. Whilst I know this happens, I could non happen any research look intoing the per centums of African-Caribbean people in the UK and their linguistic communication abilities. This alleged barrier could hence be perceived instead than existent ; nevertheless I will briefly discuss methods to work with this in the clinical context. As stated in the aforesaid Inside Outside papers ( 2003 ) mental wellness services now aim to be culturally capable , which includes undertaking troubles with linguistic communication. There is no uncertainty in my head that communicating is a cardinal component in diagnosing, and I know from personal experience that non being able to pass on in a locally understood linguistic communication can do people to expe rience stray. Therefore, guaranting linguistic communication entree for people who speak a linguistic communication other than English through appropriate interpreting/translating services is important. However, I do experience that this parallels a demand for people who have other troubles with linguistic communication. For illustration, I am certain it can be hard to place depression in persons who have suffered badly dehabilitating shots or physical hurts where address is badly impaired. My point is that there are an array of factors which influence the manner people talk about their troubles and how they are understood by clinicians. Not being able to talk the English linguistic communication in a clear English speech pattern is merely one of those factors. I feel the issue raised here is more related to how we work with diverseness instead than how we work with ethnicity. Formulation As a trainee clinical psychologist involved in the diagnostic procedure of depression I am besides concerned with the preparation procedure and how this is affected. The beliefs people have about the nature and causes of depression do differ between civilizations. For illustration, Bhugra et al. , ( 1997 ) found in some African and Asiatic civilizations depression is seen as part of life s ups and downs and it is non thought of as a treatable status. From this position, many psychological theoretical accounts which aid us in understanding depression can account for the differing beliefs and experiences of people. For illustration, the Cognitive theoretical account of depression ( Beck, 1967, 1976 ) suggests that people s early experiences lead people to organize beliefs or schemes about themselves and the universe. These premises are thought to do negative automatic ideas which perpetuate symptoms of depression on five different degrees ; behavioral, motivational, affectional, cogni tive and bodily. Despite this theoretical account being rather flexible at face value, nevertheless, the negative cognitive three ( Beck, 1979 ) is directed by the beliefs and experiences of the person. This may non suit in with those from more leftist civilizations. Indeed, we know that societal webs frequently play an of import portion in the belief systems of cultural minority members ( Bhugra A ; Ayonrinde, 2004 ) . Therefore believing more systemically may be peculiarly utile when sing persons from cultural minority groups. However, we do need to be cautious in doing premises about what beliefs people from cultural minorities have. There is a danger that in making so, we may be able to explicate quicker but may besides do considerable hurt to the client. I late attended a mental wellness consciousness class as portion of my arrangement where an African Caribbean service user came to speak to us about her experiences of being in the mental wellness system. She described her foremost traumatic admittance to infirmary after a close self-destruction effort at the age of 19. She told us it was persistently assumed by mental wellness staff that she had attempted suicide because she did non understand or suit in with the preponderantly white community in her country. She told us how disquieted and misunderstood this made her feel, as this was non the instance at all. On contemplation, this highlights the importance of service-user feedback in clinical pattern. The inquiry I see looking with respects is how we as clinicians in the UK can outdo explore the beliefs, experiences and background of the multicultural population we are working with in order to name suitably. As Fernandez A ; Diaz justly point out, to make this we need a systematic method for arousing and measuring cultural information in the clinical brush ( Fernandez A ; Diaz, 2002 ) . There is a dearth of information debating ways to take this forward and theoretical accounts to encapsulate these thoughts are presently being developed and tested in the USA. One such theoretical account is the Cultural Formulation theoretical account ( Lewis-Fernandez A ; Diaz, 2002 ) , which is an enlargement on the depression guidelines, published in the DSM-IV. The advanced theoretical account consists of five constituents ; measuring cultural individuality, cultural accounts of the unwellness, cultural factors related to the psychosocial environment and degrees of operation, cultural ele ments of the clinician-client relationship and the overall impact of civilization on diagnosing and attention. I find this theoretical account really inclusive as it can still arouse really utile information about culturally-based norms, values and behaviors even when there is no cultural difference between the clinician and the client. Whilst cultural differences exist within an cultural group, they are non needfully ethnicity-bound. For illustration, they can every bit be associated with an person s age, gender, socioeconomic position, educational background, household position and wider societal web ( Ahmed and Bhugra, 2006 ) . If this is the instance, so I would state that it is of import for clinicians to hold a really explorative and funny attack when measuring and naming an person in a mental wellness service, whether they are from an cultural minority or non. To what extent is rank of an cultural minority group influential in the procedure of intervention of people sing depression? Some people with depression get better without any intervention. However, populating with depression can be disputing as it impacts many countries of an persons life including relationships, employment, and their physical wellness. Therefore, many people with depression do seek some signifier of intervention. This procedure normally begins at primary attention degree and so a collaborative determination is made between the patient and the clinician as to what intervention suits them best. It has been suggested that Africa-Caribbean people are less likely than Whites to digest antidepressant medicine ( Cooper et Al, 1993 ) . Therefore this subdivision of this essay will concentrate on the procedure of psychological interventions of depression. Treatments vary and have altered radically with the turning usage of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT ) , which is based on the scientist-practitioner theoretical account and routinely offers outcome informations ( Whitfield, 2003 ) . In CB T, and in the bulk of other speaking therapies, intervention normally involves seeing a healer for a figure of Sessionss on a regular footing. Seeking aid There look to be two chief possible barriers when it comes to the intervention of down clients from cultural minorities. First, the help-seeking behavior of African-Caribbean and other cultural minority groups have attracted considerable attending in the research sphere. Members of the African-Caribbean population are thought to be less likely to seek professional intervention for depression. Whilst reading a mountain of documents naming grounds why the help-seeking behavior of people from cultural minorities is so different , a few thoughts sprung to my head. From my ain experience when people are really down they may fight to acquire motivated and do less usage of the support available to them. Furthermore, I wonder whether one it is a possibility that African-Caribbean s bash non near services every bit much because of negative experiences of the UK mental wellness system. I recall seeing an aged Jamaican gentleman for an appraisal last twelvemonth whilst working as an Assistant in a Clinical Health section. Following the really limited referral information I had, I elicited his thoughts about what brought him to our service. He told me that he had felt unable to get by with his low temper and intrusive ideas for some piece, nevertheless he did non experience able to seek aid because a household member of his had been treated below the belt by mental wellness staff be fore. Possibly the grounds for people non accessing intervention are simpler than we think. In their survey of grounds for exclusion of African-Caribbean people in mental wellness services, Mclean et al. , ( 2003 ) found the types of interactions between staff and patients strongly associated with disparities in intervention. They encourage positive, non-judgmental interactions as the first measure on the way to societal inclusion of mental wellness services ( Mclean et al. , 2003 ) . Their survey reminded me of a study I read late on arrangement about the Circles of Fear ( Salisbury Centre for Mental Health, 2002 ) . Basically, this study stipulates that people from cultural minorities tend to hold a more negative experience of the mental wellness system. Peoples may so fear the effects of going involved with it and avoid contact. This leads me to believe that we ( the wellness service ) are really much portion of the ground why such persons may non seek aid. Geography may besides be a ground for changing help-seeking behavior. Peoples populating in rural countries are thought to be at hazard of confronting isolation and sing favoritism in mental wellness intervention ( Barry et al, 2000 ) . I do believe there is something valuable about looking at populations which services are non making. However, it has merely struck me that composing about the help-seeking behavior of people can come across as rather faulting and puts the duty really much with the person. Whatever the ground, if minority members are less likely to acquire appropriate attention, I feel the focal point should be on how to prosecute different members of society in effectual attention for depression. Fortunately, down people who fail to seek aid for intervention can frequently be identified and treated in general medical scenes ( Shulberg et al, 1999 ) . One survey besides suggests that the bulk of people who are depressed do desire aid, irrespective of their ethnicity ( Brody et al, 1997 ) . What I find peculiarly interesting is that the desire for aid seems to be related to the badness of the depression in precedency of their cultural minority position. Thus it appears that ethnicity, badness of depression, geographical location, old experiences with the mental wellness system and beliefs about what aid is available all influence help-seeking behavior. Psychological Treatment The 2nd claimed trouble in the intervention of African-Caribbean people who are depressed is hapless attending rates and incompletion of intervention ( Bhugra A ; Ayonrinde, 2004 ) . There are besides claims that African-Caribbean people are more likely to see a poorer result from intervention. Given that the hunt for a biological cause for disparities in intervention success rates has non been fruitful we must turn our focal point to other accounts. Given that the relationship between the healer and client is a cardinal constituent of intervention result, I am traveling to concentrate on those which link to the curative confederation. There are few empirical surveies which explore how cultural differences affect the curative confederation and these have consisted largely of client penchants. Cultural strangeness may move as intervention to some African-Caribbean people remaining in psychological intervention ( Davidson, 1987 ) . In their survey of secondary school pupils, Uhlemann et Al ( 2004 ) looked at how being an cultural minority healer affected relationships in a guidance puting. They found cultural minority counselors were perceived more favourably than white-Caucasian counselors. Most pupils believed healers were less able to understand or sympathize with them if the healer was ethnically different. In another survey Coleman et al. , ( 1995 ) surveyed surveies comparing cultural minority clients penchants of healers, being ethnically similar or ethnically dissimilar. They found that in most instances clients preferable healers of similar cultural background, peculiarly those with strong cultural fond reg ards. I acknowledge that this may be something to be cognizant of as a healer ; nevertheless I do non believe this in itself would set people off psychological intervention. It might be utile for us as healers to turn to this issue and to make so early on in the intervention procedure. One manner of making this could be to turn to any obvious cultural differences and research together how it may impact the given relationship. This may besides assist the procedure of understanding which is deemed really of import in beef uping the curative confederation. Whilst this is something I will seek and be cognizant of in my pattern, I besides feel it is of import to show this treatment in a realistic and in context. From my experience as a trainee, the age and sum of experience a healer is far more valuable and influential than the cultural position of a healer. One lady I saw late had trouble accepting me as her healer for the simple fact that she worried about how much I would be able to assist her in comparing to a qualified clinical psychologist. There was besides an cultural difference between us but this was did non do her concern. Similarly, Coleman et Al ( 1995 ) asked clients persons in their survey to name the features of a competent healer in order of importance. Certain plenty, they found that people placed cultural similarity below that of other features such as educational ability, adulthood, gender, personality and attitude. I think this illuminates merely how of import it is for us to orient the intervention procedure to the single demands and concerns of the client. Is a more holistic attack to psychological intervention of depression the reply? I do inquire whether CBT, the current preferable theoretical account of intervention, will shortly lose its popularity. The slightly normative nature of CBT for depression may intend the changing demands of people in our multicultural clime are non being met. Rather than making new and separate intervention theoretical accounts or services for cultural minority clients, possibly we should be encompassing 1s which encourage clients to take the intervention. One theoretical account I find demonstrates this is the Recovery theoretical account. Recovery from mental unwellness is seen as a personal journey and the alone experiences of each person are valued and explored ( Jacobson A ; Greenley, 2001 ) . Treatment utilizing this theoretical account works around assisting the client addition hope, a secure base, supportive relationships, authorization, societal inclusion, get bying accomplishments, and happeni ng intending to their experiences. Although used more with persons sing major mental wellness jobs, I think the rules are really inclusive and utile for the intervention of any mental wellness job, including depression. Of class, I have merely touched upon one theoretical account and there are many more which embrace single differences. Brooding statement As a current trainee on my grownup mental wellness arrangement, I can non feign that I am able to supply an nonsubjective nor extensively experient position. I am besides cognizant that I am at the beginning of my arrangement, in a service which really much promotes recovery from mental unwellness through understanding the person instead than flatly through their psychiatric label . Whilst this may hold had an influence over my stance towards the essay subject, I have witnessed the positive effects in my clinical work of non categorising people and experience that this has indicated some valid concerns. Upon completing this essay it came to mind that that the perkiness of the essay may be a contemplation of the thoughts and inquiries I have been coping with as portion of my pattern on arrangement. However, these thoughts are by no means a closed trade and I continue to work with them in an applied context. Furthermore, I acknowledge that had I chosen to show this essay presuming that it was the healer who was a member of an cultural minority, my essay and decisions may be really different. How will compose this essay impact my pattern as a Trainee Clinical psychologist? I do experience we are in a combative state of affairs. If we treat people otherwise harmonizing to any issue of diverseness we run the hazard of perpetuating institutional racism. Ion the other side of the coin, if we work with everybody in precisely the same manner and attempt and fit people in to Eurocentric systems so we run the hazard of disregarding of import cultural differences. What I will take from this is the importance of being sensitive to people s backgrounds and experiences and probe of what makes them who they are. I will decidedly try to convey more flexibleness, wonder and receptivity to my pattern and acknowledge when there is a noticeable difference between myself and the client in the curative scene. Decision In decision, rank of an cultural minority group may act upon the diagnosing and intervention procedure in how people experience depression, nowadays to services and perchance how they proceed with psychological interventions. If we are to name and handle depression through a Euro centric lens, we should be encompassing the usage of theoretical accounts which allow for cultural diverseness in the diagnosing and intervention of depression. However, as I hope I have demonstrated in my authorship, no two people in a curative scene will of all time be precisely the same. So how utile is it to continually concentrate on cultural differences when they are merely one bead in the ocean of diverseness? Possibly alternatively we need a displacement in the dominant discourses environing cultural differences in mental wellness? The existent challenge I think we face is understanding how the individuality of the single contributes to the diagnosing and intervention of depression.