Questions On Assessing Student Learning - 978 Words

edTPA Task 3: What You Think About It is not uncommon to imagine a sheet of paper with a list of questions and a score next to them when we think about assessment. Usually, assessments or tests are viewed as methods to quantify what students have learned so that the values can be recorded in a gradebook, but that is not the only purpose of assessments. In fact, assessments can serve for much more in the learning process if developed properly. As required to pass the edTPA, we are to demonstrate than we can use assessments to plan, instruct, and measure student learning, and in order to do that, we must know what to think about when assessing student learning. Through this essay we will discuss the key components that we need to think about when assessing student learning as proposed by Task 3 in the edTPA. The first component in assessing student learning is thinking about the instrument that will be used to gather evidence and make sense of what students have learned and understand about their learning progress. Asse ssment instruments vary in form and include essays to synthesize knowledge, presentations, test worksheets etc., but any assessments must be aligned to measure learning targets and state standards at the appropriate levels of understanding. In many cases, as seen in Figure 1, teachers make sense of the evidence they collect from assessments by making tables and graphs that represent the quantitative measure of student knowledge before and after instruction.Show MoreRelatedEvaluation Of An Effective Assessment Strategies For Students With Special Needs Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesReport A: 1. Questionings: Assessing literacy in primary school (Running Records) Ontological questions Epistemological questions Technical questions What are the most important ideas that I’ve read to help shape the thinking of assessment? If I know there are students in my classroom who don’t preform to their best ability under test conditions, how can I accommodate these students? What is an effective assessment strategy to use to maintain a positive learning environment? - Why does myRead MoreSoftware to Support Assessment804 Words   |  3 Pagesof software available to help with student assessments; which are important for teachers to understand how the students are learning. Using software to complete student assessments allows students the opportunity to engage themselves in the assessment (Shelly, G, Gunter, G, and Gunter, R (2012). Some software used to assess students is Google Forms, Socrative, and electronic surveys such as survey monkey; technology plays an important role in assessing students. Teachers can use technology to helpRead MoreInterviewing And Conferencing As An Assessment819 Words   |  4 Pagesis a strategy employed by teachers, to evaluate the student’s response to learning. The teacher gathers information while interpreting the evidence in trying to understand and make judgments about the student learning. In presenting assessment to the students, the student has verbalized their knowledge on what they have just learned, organize their thoughts and present it out in the summary. The need for assessing the student aims at understanding what they learned in the classroom and using the gatheredRead MoreEvaluation And Explain The Four Stages Of The Assessment Process1486 Words   |  6 Pagesof the learning process. Assessments not only evaluates the students’, but also the teacher since they are able to evaluate their own techniques and skills. The first thing addressed in the reading is an explanation of the difference between an â€Å"evalu ation† and an â€Å"assessment†. Tenbrink (2015) describes the four stages of the evaluation process. The first step in the evaluation process is the initial preparation for the assessment. This is usually what led you to ant to evaluate that student in theRead MoreRole of Teacher1175 Words   |  5 PagesThere are 5 stages to the teaching Learning Cycle. Enabling Learning Planning Learning Assessing Learning Quality assurance amp; evaluation Identifying Learning The learning cycle can start and finish anywhere on the cycle. There is no start and finish point. Identifying needs Before the students start the course a lot of pre assessment work can be completed, this can take the form of application forms and / or a pre course interview. The student needs can be clearly identified toRead MoreIdentify the Different Types and Different Methods of Assessment Used in Teaching.1339 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup of learners ,at our first session I often find that using Neil Flemings VAK/VARK model tests are a great way to get learners talking and appreciating their varied learning styles. The variations on these tests have been used since 1987 and claim that learners can use the model to identify their preferred style of learning and be able to focus on what brings them most benefits. Visual learners- benefit from visual aids, diagrams, handouts Auditory learners – benefit from listening to recordingsRead MoreAssessments Are Essential Within Education989 Words   |  4 Pagesis to measure students’ progression. They provide evidence of students’ prior knowledge, thinking, and understanding and should be created to meet the needs of every student because every student is different and learns differently, as well as at a different pace. Assessments should reflect the objectives of the lesson being taught and the frequency of those assessments should be considered. Assessments can also help teachers to improve student learning. How assessments affect students should alsoRead MoreMethods in Performing Assessment962 Words   |  4 Pagesa sample of the abilities that are required in the curriculum† (Ian Reece, 2007, teaching, training and learning) Fairness: Fairness censures that everyone has an equal chance of getting a good assessment. â€Å"All learners are entitled to a fair assessment and should be given the best opportunity to demonstrate their ability† (Ann Gravels, 2008, preparing to teach in the lifelong learning sector) Authenticity: The work produced by learner in practical life. Currency: The work is still relevantRead MoreEssay about Princilples of Assessment Unit 12 Pttls1553 Words   |  7 PagesJulie Capon Unit 012 Principles of assessment in lifelong learning The types of assessment a trainer will use in lifelong learning include initial, diagnostic, independent assessment, formative, summative, internal, external, formal and informal assessment. â€Å"Assessment is a way to find out if learning has taken place.† Tummons (2007: p5) Gravells (2011:p91), describes the assessment cycle in the following terms; â€Å"the initial assessment, assessment planning, assessment activity, assessment decisionRead MoreBackward Design, a planning guide1555 Words   |  7 Pagesevidence of learning (performances) called for by the standard and the teaching needed to equip students to perform†(Wiggins and McTighe, 2000, page 8). There are two key ideas in Backward Design: 1) Focus on teaching and assessing for understanding and transfer, and 2) Design curriculum â€Å"backward† from those ends. It aims to provide a framework to guide curriculum, assessment and instruction. The backward design framework is based on the following seven key tenets: 1. Learning is enhanced

Essay on Government Secrecy - 1367 Words

Ashley Simons Secrecy and a free, democratic government dont mix, President Harry Truman once said. Harry Truman understood the importance of an open government in a free society. Unfortunately, George W. Bush has a different outlook. From the first days of his administration, President Bush has taken steps to tighten the governments hold on information and limit public scrutiny of its activities. Expansive assertions of executive privilege, restrictive views of the Freedom of Information Act, increasing use of national security classification, stonewalling in response to congressional request for information Ââ€" all these were evident even before the September 11 attacks (At Issue: Has the Bush administration misused government†¦show more content†¦The ‘secret designation referred to information in which its disclosure might endanger the national security, or cause serious injury to the interests of the nation or be of great advantage to a foreign nation. Similar ly, ‘confidential could be applied to material of such a nature that is disclosure, although not endangering the national security, might be harmful to the interests or prestige of the Nation. The term ‘restricted is used in instances where information is for official use only and should be denied access to the general public. According to an analysis released in August, 2005, by OpenTheGovernment.org, more and more government information is becoming less and less publicly available. OpenTheGovernment.org is an unprecedented coalition of journalists, consumer and government groups, environmentalists, labor and others united out of a concern for what U.S. News and World Report called a shroud of secrecy descending over our local, state and federal governments (Gordon 35). This organization focuses on making the federal government a more open place to make us safer and strengthen the public trust in the government. In its Secrecy Report Card, OpenTheGovernment found that t he government spent $7.2 billion last year creating 15.6 million new classified documents and securing accumulated secrets Ââ€" more than it has for the past decade (1). The increasing secrecy is expensive to maintain. The U.S. governmentShow MoreRelatedThe Secret Of Conspiracy Theory1099 Words   |  5 Pagessphere. As he argues of his book, postmodern era has become dependent on â€Å"institutional secrecy and public fascination with the secret work of the state† to maintain its legality. Like Fenster, Mely suggests by admitting cultural conspiracy as paranoia; it misjudges the extent of covert sphere as a dream world. Melly brilliantly demonstrates â€Å"plausible deniability† with the government’s desire for secrecy by quoting 46th vice-president Dick Cheney speech days after 9/11 â€Å"a lot of what needsRead MoreGeorg Simmel Founder of German Sociological Association838 Words   |  3 Pagesdefines secrecy as a condition, and researches relationships from this aspect of giving and receiving knowledge and keeping secrets. He describes friendship and intimate relationships, whereby friendship creates more secretiveness and discretion than that of a more intimate relationship. Simmel argues that modern societies are systems that operate from a high degree of secrecy, and notes the money economy as one example of how people can hide much of what they transact and acquire. Secrecy is describedRead MoreCase Law against Bank Secrecy1054 Words   |  4 Pages CASE LAW AGAINST BANK SECRECY In this report we have discussed bankers duty of confidentiality and it’s important criteria which relate to the India. Bank secrecy is desirable. If the details of the accounts of the customer are revealed, then the financial position of the customer will be known to others it may adversely affect the reputation of the customer. However, bank secrecy has to be maintained at an optimal level. Confidentiality or secrecy as the state of having the dissemination ofRead More The Censors, by Luisa Valenzuela856 Words   |  4 Pagesand sending the letter. Later, Juan’s â€Å"mind [was] off his job during the day and [he couldn’t] sleep at night,† thinking of the letter (Valenzuela 966). He believes the contents to be innocent and irreproachable, but the censors of the Argentine government â€Å"examine, sniff, feel, and read between the lines of each and every letter† (Valenzuela 966) for the signs of uprising among the people. He then thinks of the censorship offices and the extremely few letters that are actually sent. He ponders theRead MoreThe Justification Of The Nsa Unlawful Spying Activities1255 Words   |  6 Pagesmindedness. In addition, the disclosure of the whistle-blower’s identity helps to prevent selfish personal interests or the interests of powerful media compa nies. Finally, Snowden’s argument that the primary duty of citizens should be to police their governments before pursuing the need to correct others is plausible. A Critique of Scheurman’s Assertion that Edward Snowden’s Act was Permissibly in Whistleblowing Snowden argues that his disclosure of information about the illegal NSA surveillance activitiesRead MoreEdward Snowden LAUSD essay730 Words   |  3 Pageswarrant, and that the NSA watches and surveils other countries and global leaders clandestinely. Edward Snowden, albeit he may be considered a criminal for leaking such information, is a more a whistleblower as he unveiled information about the government and the NSA that is considered unjustifiable and illegal. Edward Snowden’s title as a whistleblower is emphasized by the reactions of many people following the disclosures. According to German in â€Å"Edward Snowden is a Whistleblower,† no fewer thanRead MoreOb Assignment-When Salaries Arent Secret1621 Words   |  7 Pagesprinciple that will be violated here. Employee 6: Anushil Kadam Position: Marketing Executive I think salary disclosure is a good idea in any company. Secrecy encourages rumour, gossip and misinformation. This undermines employee satisfaction and the work environment we are trying to create. There should be a presumption of openness, not of secrecy. Secrecy belongs to the old command and control environment of the traditional hierarchy. Salary openness is the new method of management that encourages confidenceRead MoreSmall Business Case Study1014 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation such as a compilation of technique, information, device, formula, method, pattern, program, process, or process that has commercial value and which is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy. A simple act of carelessness on a social network or in an e-mail can expose essential information to the company, heading to instant, unfixable losses. Its critical that companies train their employees properly to acknowledge trade secret law, toRead MoreIdentification And Punishment For Mishandling Top Secret Information1237 Words   |  5 Pagesbe considered as an act of mishandling such confidential information by individuals working in those departments and agencies. Identification of mishandled Top Secret information Former and current government officials and contractors have on several occasions mishandled classified federal government security information. The mishandling of such information arises when these people share it with unauthorized private archives and people. Effectively, without any federal approval, a person, libraryRead MoreThe Case Of Greene s Jewelry1079 Words   |  5 Pagesmisappropriation refers to the acquisition of a trade secret by someone who knows or has reason to know that the trade secret was acquired by improper means -- theft, bribery, misrepresentation, breach or inducement of a breach of duty to maintain secrecy. It also includes the disclosure or use of a trade secret without consent by someone who used improper means to acquire knowledge of the trade secret – for example, an ex-employee who spills company secrets to a rival. In addition to New Hampshire’s

Chapter 1 †Research in Business, Chapter 2 †Ethics in Business Research Free Essays

CHAPTER 1 – RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Why Study Business Research? Business research provides information to guide business decisions. Business research plays an important role in an environment that emphasizes measurement. Return on investment (ROI) is the calculation of the financial return for all business expenditures and it is emphasized more now than ever before. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 1 – Research in Business, Chapter 2 – Ethics in Business Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Business research expenditures are increasingly scrutinized for their contribution to ROMI. Research Should Reduce Risk The primary purpose of research is to reduce the level of risk of a marketing decision. Business Research Defined A process of determining, acquiring, analyzing, synthesizing, and disseminating relevant business data, information, and insights to decision makers in ways that mobilize the organization to take appropriate business actions that, in turn, maximize business performance. What’s Changing in Business that Influences Research Several factors increase the relevance for studying business research. †¢Information overload. While the Internet and its search engines present extensive amounts of information, its quality and credibility must be continuously evaluated. The ubiquitous access to information has brought about the development of knowledge communities and the need for organizations to leverage this knowledge universe for innovation—or risk merely drowning in data. Stakeholders now have more information at their disposal and are more resistant to business stimuli. †¢Technological connectivity. Individuals, public sector organizations, and businesses are adapting to changes in work patterns (real-time and global), changes in the formation of relationships and communities, and the realization that geography is no longer a primary constraint. Shifting global centers of economic activity and competition. The rising economic power of Asia and demographic shifts within regions highlight the need for organizations to expand their knowledge of consumers, suppliers, talent pools, business models, and infrastructures with which they are less familiar. †¢Increasingly critical scrutiny of big business. The availability of information has made it possible for all a firm’s stakeholders to demand inclusion in company decision making, while at the same time elevating the level of societal suspicion. More government intervention. As public-sector activities increase in order to provide some minimal or enhanced level of social services, governments are becoming increasingly aggressive in protecting their various constituencies by posing restrictions on the use of managerial and business research tools. †¢Battle for analytical talent. Managers face progressively complex decisions, applying mathematical models to extract meaningful knowledge from volumes of data and using highly sop histicated software to run their organizations. The shift to knowledge-intensive industries puts greater demand on a scarcity of well-trained talent with advanced analytical skills. †¢Computing Power and Speed. Lower cost data collection, better visualization tools, more computational power, more and faster integration of data, and real-time access to knowledge are now manager expectations†¦not wistful visions of a distant future. †¢New Perspectives on Established Research Methodologies. Older tools and methodologies, once limited to exploratory research, are gaining wider acceptance in dealing with a wider range of managerial problems. Business Planning Drives Business Research An organization’s mission drives its business goals, strategies, and tactics and, consequently, its need for business decision support systems and business intelligence. Hierarchy of Business Decision Makers Visionaries, Standardized Decision Makers, Intuitive Decision Makers †¢In the bottom tier, most decisions are based on past experience or instinct. Decisions are also supported with secondary data searches. †¢In the middle tier, some decisions are based on business research. †¢In the top tier, every decision is guided by business research. Firms develop proprietary methodologies and are innovative in their combination of methodologies. There is access to research data and findings throughout the organization. Research May Not Be Necessary Business research is only valuable when it helps management make better decisions. A study may be interesting, but if it does not help improve decision-making, its use should be questioned. Research could be appropriate for some problems, but insufficient resources may limit usefulness. Information Value Chain Computers and telecommunications lowered the costs of data collection. Data management is now possible and necessary given the quantity of raw data. †¢Models reflect the behavior of individuals, households, and industries. †¢A DSS integrates data management techniques, models, and analytical tools to support decision making. †¢Data must be more than timely and standardized; it must be meaningful. These are all characteristics of the information value chain. Charac teristics of Good Research Clearly defined purpose, detailed research process, thoroughly planned design, high ethical standards, limitations addressed, adequate analysis, unambiguous presentation, conclusions justified, credentials How the Research Industry Works Some Organizations Use Internal Research Sources; Internal researchers are â€Å"in-house. † Some Organizations Use External Research Sources; External research suppliers can be further classified into business research firms, communication agencies, consultants, and trade associations. Business Research Firms Business research firms may be full-service or specialty-based. †¢Full-service firms conduct all phases of research from planning to insight development. They may offer custom projects tailored to a client’s needs and/or proprietary work. Proprietary methodologies are programs or techniques that are owned by a single firm. †¢Specialty firms establish expertise in one or a few research methodologies. They represent the largest number of research firms and tend to dominate the small research firms operated by a single research firm or a very small staff. †¢Syndicated data providers track the change of one or more measur es over time, usually in a given industry. †¢Some research firms offer omnibus studies that combine one or a few questions from several business decision makers who need information from the same population. CHAPTER 2 – ETHICS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH Ethical Treatment of Participants Research must be designed so that a participant does not suffer physical harm, discomfort, pain, embarrassment, or loss of privacy. This slide lists the three guidelines researchers should follow to protect participants. When discussing benefits, the researcher should be careful not to overstate or understate the benefits. Informed consent means that the participant has given full consent to participation after receiving full disclosure of the procedures of the proposed study. Characteristics of Informed Consent Since 1966, all projects with federal funding are required to be reviewed by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). An IRB evaluates the risks and benefits of proposed research. The review requirement may be more relaxed for projects that are unlikely to be risky – such as marketing research projects. Many institutions require that all research – whether funded or unfunded by the federal government – be reviewed by a local IRB. The IRBs concentrate on two areas. First is the guarantee of obtaining complete, informed consent from participants. The second is the risk assessment and benefit analysis review. Complete informed consent has four characteristics and these are named in the slide. 1. The participant must be competent to give consent. 2. Consent must be voluntary, and free from coercion. 3. Participants must be adequately informed to make a decision. 4. Participants should know the possible risks or outcomes associated with the research. Ethical Responsibilities Special consideration is necessary when researching the behavior and attitudes of children. Besides providing informed consent, parents are often interviewed during the selection process to ensure that the child is mature enough and has the verbal and physical capabilities necessary. Deception Disguising non-research activities. Camouflaging true research objectives. Debriefing Explain any deception, Describe purpose, Share results, Provide follow-up. In situations where participants are intentionally or accidentally deceived, they should be debriefed once the research is complete. Debriefing describes the goals of the research, as well as the truth and reasons for any deception. Results are shared after the study is complete. Participants who require any medical or psychological follow-up attention will receive it during the debriefing process. Right to Privacy Right to refuse, prior permission to interview, limit time required. Data Mining Ethics The convenience of collecting data online has created new ethical issues. Data mining offers infinite possibilities for research abuse. The primary ethical data mining issues in cyberspace are privacy-related including consent to information collection and control of information dissemination. Legitimate data miners publicly post their information security policies. The EU countries have passed the European Commission’s data protection directive. Under the directive, commissioners can prosecute companies and block Web sites that fail to live up to its strict privacy standards. Confidentiality Sponsor nondisclosure, purpose nondisclosure, findings nondisclosure Ethics And The Sponsor Occasionally, researchers may be asked by sponsors to participate in unethical behavior. What can the researcher do to remain ethical? There are four suggestions provided in the slide. The researcher can attempt to 1. ducate the sponsor to the purpose of the research, 2. explain the researcher’s role as a fact-finder, 3. explain how distorting the truth or breaking faith will lead to future problems, and 4. if the others fail, terminate the relationship. Effective Codes of Ethics Many organizations have codes of ethics. A code of ethics is an organization’s codified set of norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about research behavior. Effective codes are those that 1) are regulative, 2) protect the public interest and the interests of the profession served by the code, 3) are behavior-specific, and 4) are enforceable. How to cite Chapter 1 – Research in Business, Chapter 2 – Ethics in Business Research, Essays

Organisational Behaviour And Management

Question: Discuss about theOrganisational Behaviour And Management. Answer:Carlos Ghosn as a Leader Leadership is a factor that directly or indirectly controls an organization or a company whether it is a large-scale organization or a small scale organization (Ghosn, 2013). Leaders are those who appear to the front whenever there is any crisis regarding the working process of the organization and help the employees of that organization to overcome those problems. Mr. Carlos Ghosn is one among them. He is the former executive vice president of the company named Renault, which is obviously a large scale company. Ghosn can surely be counted as one of the best examples of leadership models or leader himself. The primary job of a leader is to come forward and provide honest and loyal service to the organization in which he works and solve the problem with proper skill and confidence (Durand and Sebag, 2005). Mr. Ghosn has done the same thing. He has provided his service to the company at a time when his company or organization which is Renault, was in danger. Then he took the responsibi lity of overcoming those problems and to get his company out of the crisis. When Renault was having some globalization problems at the same time, Nissan was about to be bankrupt due to their financial crisis. That point of time, it was Mr. Ghosn who thought to join both the company for the benefit of both of them (Millikin and Fu, 2004). The financial problem of Nissan would be solved, and the same will happen to the globalization problem of Renault. And he was successful in his idea and the year 2008, the company was again back with a bang. Carlos Ghosn proved that he was one of the greatest leaders of all time. In this process of securing his company, he had to play the most vital role, for which he had to take several steps and action. Being a great leader he knows the various aspects of leadership quality, what it means to an organization and how it should be operated. Not only these but also he was a good learner. With progressive time, he brought some changes in his leadership style and process to do his job more efficiently and with more confidence. He was a believer of the great man theory and the behavioral theory of leadership. According to the great man theory the leader of an organization should be the hero for the employees which he certainly was. Other than these aspects he had a very polite and pleasant communication with his employees and workers. He knew the value of good communication between leaders and workers. If a leader is friendly and polite to an employee, he can control that employee with ease. The task he was going to do or planning to do would have never been successful without the help and co-operation of the employees for that Ghosn chose this theory. According to him, employee satisfaction is one of the prime reasons behind the success of any company. That's why he was so nice and polite with his employees or workers (Ghosn and Nueno Iniesta, 2012). All over, Carlos Ghosn, for his leadership quality as well as styles can surely b e regarded as one of the best leaders of all time. Relative Strength and Weaknesses of Carlos Ghosn No one on this earth is perfect. Similarly, nothing is perfect in this world. The same goes for an organization as well as its various aspects. Leadership f an organization being the original aspect also falls in this category (Kloppenborg and Laning, 2012). None of the leaders who is renowned is perfect. Everybody have some flaws and some high points. The point is how they handle those different aspects in their leadership quality. Carlos Ghosn being one of the greatest leaders of all time obviously has several strengths. According to him, at first people or employees as well as the stakeholders considered him as an evil leader and a cost killer. Everyone was scared of him which means the situation was already against him. At that point, he decided to make a better environment for the workers of his company (Treiger, 2014). That means he is a leader who is well concerned about the essential requirements of the employees. He was a very motivating leader. He always tried to motivate h is employees to get more involved with their jobs and to grow their performance skill. Not only this, but he was also concerned with his behavioral factors. His communication or relationship with the employees of his company was excellent that everyone were free to communicate with him (Treiger, 2014). This was one of the most significant strengths of Carlos Ghosn. The strength of him is the ability to take the pressure. Being a leader of such a large sale company he had to maintain or control his temperament. This helped him to get involved in his work. On the other hand, naturally there are also some weaknesses in his leadership styles and quality. One of the greatest weaknesses was his tendency to take too much workload. He was certainly a great leader, but ultimately he was a human being. Taking too much work pressure can cause severe harm to a person both mentally and physically. Though he was aware of this fact, still he took extra pressure of work (Alford, 2007). This was a s erious issue in his leadership styles. Something that is precious should be preserved, but he never obeyed this. He liked to do all the work himself, but any harm to him can also cause harm to the company or organization as well. Secondly, later he was losing his temper, which was entirely unexpected from him. In a meeting, he even said that if he doesn't get success in his chosen business idea, he will resign. This lack of temper or lack of patience is very harmful to a leader and also for his organizations. If his whole career of leadership is analyzed or revised thoroughly, it will be clear that these mentioned weaknesses are negligible in front of the enormous success he got as a leader (Tracy, 2014). These are the fundamental strengths and weaknesses of Carlos Ghosn, one of the best leaders by example. References Alford, J. (2007). Focusing on Strengths, not Weaknesses.PsycCRITIQUES, 52(16). Durand, J. and Sebag, J. (2005). Management global, management transversal: Carlos Ghosn chez Nissan.Entreprises et histoire, 41(4), p.94. Ghosn, C. (2013).Karurosu gon ridashippuron. Tokyo: Nikkeibipisha. Ghosn, C. and Nueno Iniesta, P. (2012). Carlos Ghosn: "Todos los problemas tienen solucin, pero hay que pagar un precio".IESE Insight, (15), pp.45-49. Kloppenborg, T. and Laning, L. (2012).Strategic leadership of portfolio and project management. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press. Millikin, J. and Fu, D. (2004). The global leadership of Carlos Ghosn at Nissan.Thunderbird International Business Review, 47(1), pp.121-137. Tracy, B. (2014).Leadership. New York: American Management Association. Treiger, T. (2014). The Importance of Leadership Followership.Professional Case Management, 19(2), pp.93-94.